Baku In Azerbaijan: Pollution Levels

Baku In Azerbaijan: Pollution Levels Imagine that you are walking down the street and see nothing but stones, ruins, fissures on the land; its dark and you even do not see what is happening near you because of fog and soot, you try to get something attractive, you want to see blue sea and white seagulls over it, but again, you see nothing but the cruel reality and the saddest thing is that you realize there is nowhere to run to escape this.. It is our world; this is what happened with the planet as a result of human activity. You wish you could leave not because of yourself, but because of your children, you do not want them to grow up in such environment, you realize that theyll never see the things you saw: green trees, blue skies, pure water. They will not understand what the fresh air means, they will hardly believe in story about fish in the sea, birds in the sky. But, maybe you will not even wish to tell them what you saw, because you are sure they will probably ask: So what happened, why everything turned to be so bad, who is guilty? And it will be difficult to explain them that these are people have destroyed their own lives.We all are living on one planet, Who will save it for our children, for new generation if we dont? Azerbaijan has the reputation of being an environmental disaster zone. Many scientists consider Apsheron Peninsula, where 50% of Azerbaijanis live, to be the most ecologically devastated area in the world because of severe air, water and soil pollution. The objective of this paper is to present a brief review related to the pollution in Azerbaijan, in particular in Baku and Sumgait cities, historical development of oil sector and exploration of oil and gas deposits in the country and its influence on environmental situation, history of water, air and ground pollution in Azerbaijan. To achieve the proposed objective, the first chapter of the paper presents the country profile and oil sector development history as well as present production situation. The second chapter covers issues of history of pollution in Baku and the related factors contributed to that as industrial development, decades of lack of sustainable environmental policy. Divided into subchapters it gives more comprehensive detailed analysis of environmental concerns in Azerbaijan. At the end of this document, a brief conclusion about this topic is presented as well as the bibliographical sources used to prepare the respective presentation and paper on the subject of history of environment. CHAPTER 1. COUNTRY PROFILE AND OIL HISTORY Geographical location of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is a lower middle-income country with a gross national income per capita of $1,240 in 2005. Territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan is 86,6 thousand square kilometres. Azerbaijan has common boundaries with: Iran in the south along the perimeter 765 km, with Turkey 15 km, with Russia in the north 390 km, with Armenia in the west 1007 km. The length of the coastal line is 713 km. Azerbaijanis situated in the eastern part of the South Caucasus on the Caspian Sea shore and covers an area of 86.6 thousand km2. Capital of Azerbaijan is Baku city. General facts on the country. Population of the Republic of Azerbaijan 8 million and 593 thousand people (for 01.01.2007). The age-composition of the population comprises the following age-classes: people of 0-14 years of age make up 26% of the population, 15-64 years-67%, 65 and above-for 7%. Young people of 18-34 years of age make up 29% of the population with the half of them living in big cities. Country Statistical Profile 2006* Population, total (millions) 8.48 Population growth (annual %) 1.10 Life expectancy at birth, female (years) 75.20 Life expectancy at birth, male (years) 69.60 GDP (current US$) (billions) 19.85 GDP growth (annual %) 34.50 GNI, Atlas method (current US$) (billions) 15.64 Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) 8.30 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) -2.94 Time required to start a business (days) 52.00 Internet users (per 100 people) 9.77 Source: www.world.bank.org Azerbaijan is rich in mineral resources, mainly oil and natural gas but also in iron ore, nonferrous metals, bauxite. The country also has agricultural land and a well-educated labour force with a strong entrepreneurial tradition. Despite the countrys natural resources, poverty continues to pose a major challenge for Azerbaijan. In 2005 29% of the population lived in poverty and 8% in extreme poverty. Azerbaijan has had high economic growth in 2006 and 2007 that was due to large and growing oil exports. The oil and gas sector contributes approximately 1/3 of GDP, while agriculture contributes about 9%. The impressive GDP growth of the past five years with an average annual growth rate of 12% was led mainly by oil and gas production. Oil production is expected to peak in 2011 and decline thereafter in the absence of major new discoveries. Azerbaijan shares all the problems of the former Soviet republics in making the transition from a command to a market economy, but its considerable energy resources brighten its long-term prospects. Several other obstacles slow down Azerbaijans economic progress: the need for stepped up foreign investment in the non-energy sector, the continuing conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, pervasive corruption, and elevated inflation. Trade with Russia and the other former Soviet republics is declining, while trade is building with Turkey and the nations of Europe. Long-term prospects will depend on world oil prices, the location of new oil and gas pipelines in the region, and Azerbaijans ability to manage its energy wealth. 1.3. History of Oil boom in Azerbaijan Information on oil production in Azerbaijan was repeatedly mentioned in the manuscripts of scientists and travelers in the Middle Ages and it was noted that such an uncommon product would generate a significant income. Arabian historian Masudi Abdul Huseyn (9th century) mentioned in his manuscripts that there were two main sources of Black oil and white oil (kerosene) on Apsheron Marco Polo (13-14th century) wrote in his travel notes that Apsheron peninsula was dotted with oil wells and the oil extracted used for lighting and for heating purposes. Engelbert Kaempfer (15th century) oil was transported via wineskins on four-wheeled carts to Shamakhi and Baku. From Shamakhi it is taken across country on camels. From Baku it is taken by sea to other regions Turkish traveler Ortakoy (17th century) The area around Baku has a burning ground. The ground is hot from the burning fuel beneath it. Early views of Baku and first drilling methods Early oil extraction methods were very primitive mainly hand dug wells drilled to very shallow depths (2-3 meters). Overall In 1813, 136 wells were drilled in Absheron which produced total volume of only 64 barrels of oil per day. In 1825, oil was produced on the Absheron peninsular in all suborns of Baku. But it should be stressed out that much of early oil production was wasted in blowout gushers and this was a very uneconomical and environmentally harmful process. Workers were dying because of the gushers. The strong gushers were flooding the houses in the nearest villages. Oil from wells was lost for nothing because of oil gushers. In 1844 in Baku, more than a decade earlier than the oil well in Pennsylvania (USA, 1859), V. Semyonov, the Baku mining engineer, drilled a well 21 m deep using primitive percussion method in the settlement of Bibi-Heybat near Baku. This is considered the starting point of industrial oil extraction in Azerbaijan and in the whole world. The first oil refinery was built in 1859 in Baku. In 1878 the first oil pipeline in the world was constructed between oil fields in Balakhany and the oil refinery in Baku. The length of pipeline was 12 km. 1896-1906 the construction of Baku-Batumi (Georgia) pipeline carrying 900 thousand tons of oil per year. The Nobel Brothers were major contributors to oil transport, who built the worlds first oil carrying steamship, named Zoroaster in 1878 and constructed the first rail tanks for transporting oil in 1883 from Baku to Astrakhan (Russia). By 1900, Azerbaijan was producing more than ten million tons of oil each year which was more than half of the worlds oil supply. Oil boom also influenced on the other sectors and Azerbaijan benefited from the expertise of well known chemists and geologists from the whole world such as the Russian chemist D. Mendeleyev, creator of the periodic table of chemical elements. As a result, innovative new techniques such as rotary drilling and gas lift were tested for the first time in Azerbaijan. The Nobel Brothers oil wells in Bakus suburb Oil boom have had very negative affect as well, particularly on ecological situation in Azerbaijan: oil wells in the vicinity of Baku were pumping oil into reservoir lakes. The ecological disaster started 100 years ago still plagues the region. 1.4. Current oil production in Azerbaijan. The oil and gas industries are the basis of the economy of Azerbaijan. Since World War II, the republic not only fully provided itself with oil and oil products but also supplied the majority of oil and oil products to other republics of the former Soviet Union. Azerbaijans sharp economic decline in the first half of the 1990s has reversed and the economy has been growing since 1996. After gaining independence in1992 Azerbaijan started to attract badly needed foreign investment into the country. The implementation of the 20 production-sharing arrangements Contracts (requiring $60 billion investment) that have been concluded so far is an integral part of Azerbaijans oil strategy. Azerbaijans oil production declined through 1997, but has registered an increase every year since. Oil production under the first of the Contracts, with the Azerbaijan International Operating Company, began in November 1997. A consortium of Western oil companies began pumping 1 million barrels a day from a la rge offshore field in early 2006, through a $4 billion pipeline it built from Baku to Turkeys port of Ceyhan. By 2010 revenues from this project will double the countrys current GDP. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline was officially opened in July 13, 2006 and now transports crude oil 1,760 km (1,094 miles) from the Azer-Chiraq-Guneshli oil field (Baku suburb) in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It is the second longest oil pipeline in the world (the longest being the Druzhba from Russia to central Europe). According to State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan Republic, the current oil production is the following: Oil production: 934,700 bbl/day (2007 est.) Oil consumption: 160,000 bbl/day (2007 est.) Oil exports: 795,600 bbl/day (2007 est.) Oil imports: 3,924 bbl/day (2004) Oil proved reserves: 7 billion bbl (17 April 2007 est.) Source: www.azstat.org CHAPTER 2. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 2.1. History of pollution in Baku and Sumgait In environmental terms, the long history of oil exploration (supplemented during the Soviet days by the petrochemical industry) has left the country with a massive legacy of oil and other chemical pollution, both land-based and offshore. Environmental deterioration is widespread in Azerbaijan. The country faces numerous problems related to air and water quality, land and biodiversity, lowering levels of the Caspian Sea, outdated and polluting industries, and oil field spills. The Government recognizes the need to address environmental problems to sustain economic development and a poverty reduction effort however much remains to be done to improve the countrys environment, particularly in urban areas. ( Baku onshore oil fields. Oil workers work in 24 hour shifts.) Starting from Soviet time economic development of Azerbaijan is concentrated mainly in the coastal areas on the Absheron Peninsula, between the contaminated sections of Bakus districts and the industrial city of Sumgait. These cities were considered the most polluted cities in Soviet Union. Azerbaijan was producing oil not only for itself but also to the all Soviet union Republic and decades of lack of sustainable environmental policy and unsustainable oil production starting from Soviet time till now, left behind huge wastelands with standing oil ponds and severely contaminated soil. Industrial development and mobile sources of fuel combustion have released high concentrations of heavy metals and other toxic and hazardous elements into air, land and water. As a result, urban areas, such as Baku and Sumgait, became classic examples of environmental hot spots. This pool on the edge of town is evidence of the oil pollution in Baku. The transition period (after collapse of Soviet Union) economic output has declined dramatically and industrial and agricultural decline reduced air pollution, industrial water discharges and pollution from agrochemicals. But starting from 1996 the economy began to grow up in a rapid way. In common with other newly independent states, Azerbaijan is an urbanized society (urban population around 55% of the total). The Absheron Peninsula, with Baku and Sumgait, accounts for 50% of the countrys population and is a home to more than 80 big, 370 medium-sized, and 2000 small industrial enterprises. The upsurge of foreign investment in the oil and gas sector since 1996 has further underlined the economic dominance of the coastal area and the Absheron Peninsula in particular. Vehicles emissions significantly increased over the last decade (because of high economic growth) and became a leading source of unchecked air-pollution. Baku-Ceyhan pipeline will also contribute to air pollution because of increased oil production and lack of attention to modernization of oil industry from environmental management perspective. Currently, Azerbaijan achieved Rigs outside the Baku city center, near Ramana significant progress in updating its environmental legislation, build partnership with international agencies and organizations addressing environmental issues, work on capacity development, etc., but the accumulation of toxic industrial waste, waste metals, pesticides residues, and oil pollution represents substantial and unresolved environmental problems. Government of Azerbaijan with the support of international experts developed the National Environment Action Plan identifying four priority categories for Azerbaijan: pollution from industrial production: oil exploration and production; energy; transport; other sources Caspian Sea Forestry, land an biodiversity Institutional development According to Caspian Envoriment Program, the major polluting industrial sectors identified in the Caspian Region are the following: Area/Country Industrial Sectors Sumgait/Azerbaijan Power Plants Petrochemical Industry Inorganic Chemical Industry Organic Chemical Industry Baku/Azerbaijan Power Plants Refineries Oil Gas Exploitation Metal Works Shipyards Harbours Absheron Peninsula/Azerbaijan Breweries Meat Processing Oil Gas Exploitation Northern Azerbaijan Beverages Fruit Vegetable Processing Southern Azerbaijan Fish Processing Fruit Vegetable processing Source: http://www.caspianenvironment.org/newsite/index.htm For more comprehensive understanding of the environmental concerns in Baku, I will proceed with more detailed analysis on water, air and ground pollution in the next sub-chapters. 2.2. Water Pollution. 2.2.1. Availability of water resources. Azerbaijan has limited water resources- only 30% of river flow resources are formed within the country Apsheron Peninsula is one of the least water resources per capita and per unit area. Azerbaijan is almost entirely depends on Kur-Araz river basin originates in north-astern Turkey, passes through Georgia and flows into the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan. The water is used for agricultural, domestic, and industrial purposes, and for hydropower generation and recreation. The problems in the basin are related to both quantity and quality of water. Water shortage is acute because rainfall declines sharply from west to east across the basin. Drought periods in the basin are very common. Other rivers formed from rain and snow start in mountains very often do not have permanent river beds. Undergrounds water resources make up about 25% of the river flow and have potential for future use, but currently provide only 5% of water abstraction. Piped drinking water reaches 50-95% of the urban population and to some estimates, safe drinking water is available to less tan 50% of urban residents. Baku and Sumgayit, and about 75 other cities receive centralized water supply. Norm of daily water consumption for Baku citizen is about 400-580 litres that is very high in comparison with other countries but the water is undrinkable (recommended to drink only after boiled) and provided in accordance with time schedule. Pollution of water resources Water quality is one of the major environmental concerns. Surface and underground water are polluted by untreated municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural run-off. Kur-Araz river basin is heavily polluted by neighbouring countries- Georgia and Armenia about 40,000 tons of nutrients released each year before crossing the Azerbaijan border. As an example, on the Azerbaijan side of the border with Georgia in 1992-1994, average annual concentrations of phenols and oil products exceeded existing water quality standards by about 14 and 3 times respectively. Surface water and groundwater are polluted from a) oil spillage, linkage from pipelines, storage tanks, resulting in contamination of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals; b)pesticides from agriculture; c)factory wastes dumped into rivers; salinization of the water due to the Caspian sea water intrusion(raise of level of Caspian sea). Government estimates that 80% of country population uses water from Kur-Araz river basi n for drinking purposes that does not meet Azerbaijanis drinking water standards even after water treatment. Wastewater management and Policy measures/ Institutional responsibilities During the Soviet Union period, large volumes of effluents were discharged into receiving water bodies on the territory of Azerbaijan. Both domestic and industrial wastewater has been discharged into nearby reservoirs without proper treatment, if any. Existing Baku wastewater network, in operation for 100 years, does not have the capacity today for adequate and safe operations. Total wastewater collected in Baku is reported to be 1,3 -1,4 million m3/day. 30,000 m3/day of untreated municipal wastewater is discharged into the Caspian Sea. However only 50% of collected wastewater undergoes treatment and more that 40% of the housing districts not connected. Thus, this figure should be 10 times higher. In addition, of more that 40 oil industrial companies operating in Baku and Sumgait, treatment facilities in only 7 are considered to be functioning reasonably well and, as a result, untreated wastewater form oil fields and other polluting industries is mixed with municipal wastewater. The following measures have bee taken by the government to address the water pollution concern: Adoption of Water Code 1998; Law on water supply and waste water 2000; Law on amelioration and irrigation 1996; Law on environmental protection -1999 Gaps to be further addressed: Lack of national water protection strategy; integration of river basin management approach rather that administrative units approach; lack of institutional capacity of Ministry of Ecology and National Resources and other state bodies Air Pollution Industrialization and urbanization over 30 the past 35 years have resulted in significant deterioration of ambient air quality in urban areas. Currently, the major pollution in Baku and Sumgait is from motor vehicles; oil and gas industries; chemical steel; and power plants; and small and medium-size enterprises. According to data, 96% of the atmospheric pollution emissions are concentrated in 5 main cities of Azerbaijan with the most of air emission in Baku. 2.3.1. Sources and trends of air pollution Mobile sources. Currently, transport is considered to be the main source of air pollution, responsible for increase in NOx, organic chemical, and CO emissions. Historically, the proportion of emissions from transport in Azerbaijan was 30-40%. Because of economic raise number of vehicles is steadily increasing, but the problem is increase in numbers of poorly maintained old vehicles using low-quality fuel. More than 90% of all vehicles are more than 5- years old (foreign models, mostly used cars), and the average age of vehicles is around 15 years. In addition, system of vehicles inspection for checking vehicles emissions (qualified staff, technical equipment; lack of finance; law salary of inspectors) is very poor. Heavy traffic; bad road conditions; lack of bypasses in most cities also contribute to increased vehicle emissions. Stationary Sources. Currently the primary source of atmospheric pollution from Stationary sources are the release of associated gases by power plants, burning of untreated garbage; oil refineries, and factories in Sumgait. In Baku, emission of industrial pollutant unrelated to oil industry is relatively small with exception of releases of chlorofluorides from air conditioners; refrigeration industries; and cement production. Source: www.azstat.org Air Pollution: Trends in Air Quality. In general, the ambient air quality in Azerbaijan has improved in recent years as a consequence of the sharp decrease in air emissions from stationary sources. However, urban air pollution remains a matter of ongoing concern. Air quality data in Azerbaijan is collected by the Monitoring department of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources. According to official data, the air pollution emissions peaked in 1991 2,1 million tons; and is declining since that time (about 0,4 mln 0,2 mln tons) . In spite of lowered total emissions, air pollution is still perceived as critical. Annual air concentration level of soot in Baku is 3-5 times higher (depending on the source of information) that World Health Organization standards (60-90 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3). Current and projected economic growths will further cause unsustainable deterioration of urban air quality because of lack of monitoring and control equipment Air Pollution: Policy measures/ Institutional responsibilities The following measures have bee taken by the government to address the air pollution concern: Law on Environmental protections 1999; Law on Air Protection 2001; National programmes on adjustment of standards form GOST to WHO international standards; Law on Hydromethereological activity 1998 (hydrometehrological measurements and environmental monitoring). Ratification by Azerbaijan UN Framework Convention on climate change in 1995 and Kyoto Protocol to the Convention in 2000 and Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1996 Gaps to be further addressed: Lack of institutional capacity of Ministry of Ecology and National Resources and other state bodies on adjustment to international standards Lack trained of staff; budget limitations; poor monitoring; symbolic penalties for violators, poor technology Lack of National Strategy addressing air pollution with concrete measures assign 2.4. Ground Pollution Solid Industrial and Hazardous Wastes During the Soviet period mostly heavy and chemical industry, including gas and oil, ferrous, chemical, machinery, as well as food and light industries-produced high volumes of solid industrial and hazardous wastes. At present, oil production, chemical and mineral resources extraction and processing, power plants, and hospitals are the major generators of solid and hazardous wastes. Particularly acute is the problem of the management of waste accumulated over decades of environmentally unsustainable development, as well as of newly accumulated waste. Known hazardous waste disposal sites are overloaded and not adequately sealed. There are no financial or institutional mechanisms to properly arrange for new sites. Solid pollution directly affects human heath via groundwater pollution, food contamination through vegetables and other crops grown in urban and per-urban areas. Soil pollution. As it was mentioned above, Azerbaijan signed an agreement with approximately 30 oil companies from 15 countries requiring that oil exploration and drilling should be according to international environmental standards, that are not fulfilled in most cases and oil-containing products are found both on legal and illegal dump sites with no protection. Unfortunately during soviet time, most of the industrial activities have focused in Sumgait and Baku that ( view from top of the center of Baku to Bail) resulted that exactly that are become most polluted. Baku area- Apsheron Penninsula soil is known for having them most acute oil degradation with more that 10,000 hectares of land heavily contaminated. Copper, lead and zinc mines are the main sources of heavy-metal soil pollution. Steel plants produce dust containing 15-30% zinc, 3-5% lead, 0,1% cadmium.  [1]  In some areas of Baku average concentrations of zinc in soils are up to 50-60 times the acceptable levels. Radioactive waste. The issues of radioactive waste are related to oil drilling and processing operations. Radio nuclides of natural Radium and Thorium that are present in rocks and gases are brought to the surface when water is pumped into the pipes to maintain steady flow. Thats why the radioactive contamination is focused near the oil fields. But there are also other sources of radioactive wastes research and medical institution concentrated mainly in capital Baku. Though there is the special isolated facility IZOTOP located 37 km from Baku for radioactive waste, statistical data for groundwater in Baku give the following figures: Radium 226, Thorium 228.  [2]   Municipal waste. Obviously, population growths in Baku and urbanization have resulted in increased generation of municipal waste. Solid municipal waste contains up to 35% food waste; 20-40% paper; 3-5% wood; 4-5% textile fabrics; 4-5% glass breakage; 1-2% metals; and up to 10% polymeric materials, though the share of paper and polymeric materials has been increasing.  [3]  In most European countries waste separation and recycling in applied but in Azerbaijan no waste separation and recycling is used: about 2% of waste burnt; 1,5% processed, and the left are disposed at municipal waste landfills that are overloaded and do not meet minimum health and environmental requirements. Absence of environmentally controlled landfills leads to: Risk of soil and groundwater contamination with heavy metals, toxics; Risk of dissemination of products containing heavy metals and toxics; Places for stray dogs, insects, rats, spreading infections; Smoke from burning wastes polluting the air 2.4.2. Solid Waste: Policy measures/ Institutional responsibilities The following measures have bee taken by the government to address the solid waste issues: Law on Industrial and Municipal waste in 1998; Hazardous Waste Management Agency established in 2003; National strategy on Hazardous Waste Management Agency (with WB support); Training programmes for national staff on radioactive waste management and computerized registry of radioactive materials by International Atomic Energy Agency; upgrade of IZOTOP facility; Development of criteria for rehabilitation of contaminated cites and national programme on rehabilitation of some oil-contaminated lands; National plan developed to address creation of new waste landfills; sorting disposal, recycling of waste; introduction of methods to generate biogas from municipal waste. Gaps to be further addressed: Plans and strategies are in place but not effectively implemented because of beuroctratic procedures and lack of financing the sector. Water level and Coastline of the Caspian Sea Caspian Sea is unique closed water basin, plays the important role in the establishment of the climate in the region, and has rich stocks of rare kinds of fishes, energy-carriers and large potential for development of sea transport. Disturbing the ecological condition of Caspian sea, caused by its pollution by industrial, agricultural and municipal wastes, offshore and coastal production of oil and gas, shipping company and other circumstances, have caused degradation its biodiversity, exhaust of fish resources, have increased fluctuations of the sea level, that has resulted to have fires of inhabited files and industrial infrastructures. The ecological problems of Caspian Sea can be divided into 3 types: Chemical pollution by the running rivers; Ecological problems, connected to the rise of the level of water; offshore oil industry. The variation of the Caspian Sea water level is a serious specific problem for the country that brings to economic, ecological, and social challenges. During 1927-1977, the surface area of the sea decreased from 425,000 km2 to 370,000 km2, which led to increasing development of the coastal ( Sea side, walking area called Bakinskiy Bulvar) territories and the construction of coast-protecting dams, channels, and roads, based on forecasts of further decreases in sea level. A reversal began in 1978 and during 1978- 1995, Caspian sea level rose by 2.3 m to -26.5 m. The new rise has caused extreme erosion of coastal areas, destruction of construction and engineering facilities, and inundation of vast areas. Scientists predict a further increase in sea level of 1.5-2.5 m by 2010 however the Government is not taking action to mitigate the consequences of sea level variation. In this regard, the most severe environmental effects of the rise in the Caspian water level are associated with secondary pollution of the sea from oil fields and possibly some industrial plants, either through direct flooding or rise in groundwater levels. Health Effects of environmental conditions Numbers of studies show the link between haz Protecting the Environment: Save Water, Save Our Life Protecting the Environment: Save Water, Save Our Life The world is getting thirstier, today, nearly 1 billion people in the developing world do not have access to clean, safe drinking water. 97.5 percent of the earth’s water is saltwater and undrinkable, less than 1 percent of fresh water is usable, amounting to 0.01 percent of the earth’s total water. These astonishing statistics shock me that the clean water we drink every day is hard-won. Water is limited natural resources, also it is the most important thing to all living. If we do not conserve, recycle, and more efficiently use water, our environment would have serious ecological consequences, such as climate change. Water crisis had become the most pressing environment issue, terrible in some countries like Africa. It may not obviously affect American’s daily life, but it would be too late to think about the solutions if the same problem coming to us. Polluted water would undermine the ecological environment. For instance, recently, a Chinese mine spilt into the river, causing animals to die and affecting the  local villages’. â€Å"Polluted water from a Chinese mining site in a Tibetan-populated area in western Chinas Sichuan province has spilt into a nearby river, killing large numbers of fish and livestock owned by villagers, according to sources in the region† (States News Service). In this news, mining activities are a lack of government regulation. The similar thing happened to Tibetan villagers in 2011, local people were legal to protest against environmental destruction and complaints to Chinese authorities yielded no results then, either. Chinese-operated mines not just pollute the drinking water also had caused severe damage to local forests and grasslands. We should perceive problem severity of water pollution in our global village. Moreover, the mismanagement mining or industrials not only issue in ecological environment damage but also waste an enormous amount of money and time for clean up the unsafe water. We will see a doctor and take medicine when we get sick, generally most of the diseases are under our control in short time; water is not alike human body, you might cannot see it from unsafe become clean drinking in your lifetime because water treatment takes over 100 years to recover the polluted water. â€Å"Computer projections in the environmental impact statement say that either active or passive water treatment will be needed for 200 years for the mine site, and up to 500 years for the metallurgical site. The document says water treatment would cost between $3.5 and $6 million per year after the mine closes† (Star Tribune). The reporter establishes that water treatment for mine and the metallurgical site will cost a lot of years and money. What if no one wants to spend money for the long-term water treatment? The answer is simple: Finally, the victims will be animals, plants, and us. According to Maude Barlow’s article, millions of people live in countries that cannot provide clean water to their citizens, because they are burdened by their debt to the global North. More children die each year of water-borne disease than war, HIV/AIDS and traffic accidents combined. â€Å"At least 62 countries need deep debt relief if the daily deaths of thousands of children are to end† (Global Issue 217). Barlow indicates that people in poor countries have not adequate water and exploit their resources to pay their debt. Barlow argues that water is commons and public that everyone can access, no one owns it; but it does not mean that we can waste water and wanton destruction the ecosystem. In my opinion, water does free to everybody, but actuality we pay for water fee for our family every month. I think this is one of the best ways to tell people to save water. However, we should help the poor countries which cannot provide clean water to people because of financi al problem. Today, water is wasted through abuse, inefficiency, leakage, evaporation, and allocation of pure water to tasks that do not need it. The global water crisis getting worse by the day and threatening millions of more people every year, therefore, water protection strategies are needs urgently. In article â€Å"Water of Life†, Postel point out a question that why are the greater amounts of money and sophisticated engineering have not solved the world’s water problem? â€Å"We have been trying to meet insatiable demands by continuously expanding a finite water supply† (Global Issue 225). Postel emphasises that human demand too much water which is limited and unable expand resources. Postel provided some suggest for protect, recycle, and how efficiently use water can contain people’s water demands and avoid or delay an ecological reckoning. â€Å"tried-and-true measures as thrifty irrigation techniques, water-saving plumbing fixtures, native landscaping, and w astewater recycling can cost-effectively reduce the amount of water required to grow food, produce material goods and meet household needs† (Global Issue 225). The author suggestions are convincing because each example she lists are improvable base on the technology today. Another example of wasting water is every people doing every day, which is using pure water to flushing the toilet. I suggest people use dish water or the water after wash vegetables to flushing. This is kind of use up the water by the second time, better than use pure water. In my perspective, to dealing with the global water crisis, we must leave sufficient water in rivers and lakes for ensuring their ecological health. The priority project we should do that is put investment to develop the infrastructure which can turn rainwater and stormwater harvesting, recycling, alternative energy use. In addition, only the protective measures of water are not enough, so we should create a new law to regulate human behaviours in order to protect the environment. As Martin Luther King said, the law may not change the heart but it will restrain the heartless. It is difficult or takes long-term to change human daily habits, but a law with punishments can at least restrict or let human perceive what is right and wrong. Wherever we are, we need water to survive. Not just because sixty percent of the human body is water, also fundamental for the production of food, clothing, and cars etc. Pollute water threatens our body and the next generation health problem. None of us can live on a dry planet, we are responsible for keeping the environment healthy, and make sure every person have clean and safe drinking water. Source Citation CHINESE MINE SPILL KILLS ANIMALS, POLLUTES WATER IN TIBETAN AREA. States News Service 18 Oct. 2013. General OneFile. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. Johnson, June. Global Issues, Local Arguments: Readings for Writing. N.p.: Pearson Education, n.d. Print. Iron Range mine could pollute water for 500 years; StateAEs first copper-nickel mine would require billions of dollars in long-term cleanup, regulators say. Star Tribune [Minneapolis, MN] 5 Oct. 2013: 1A. General OneFile. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.

Eugene Achike- a Man Who Did Horrible Things Essay

Papa’s role in the community is vital in its functioning: he the prime contributor to its people by donating money to the church and church related organisations. He uses his newspaper, The Standard as a form of rebellion against the corrupt military government which proves that he is trying to better the country. His relationship with Ade Coker and the effect that his death had on him proves that he has compassion and is soft-hearted ,but chooses to mask it- not wanting to show any sort weakness. He helps the Coker family get back on their feet after Ade’s death, helping the baby regain her voice thus proves that he has good qualities. At home he is depicted as a tyrannical leader and is constantly enforcing his position in the family by means of instilling fear and in turn he receives blind obedience, discipline and most importantly the ‘perfect family’. His methods of enforcing his position ranges from extreme physical abuse which is vividly portrayed when he beat Mama to the point of her having a miscarriage and when he beat Kambili and Jaja for â€Å"walking into sin† in Nsukka ,to emotional abuse when he intimidated Kambili in front of her peers for ‘choosing’ to come second in class. Actions such as these or ensuring that his children follow a strict schedule designed by him could easily change the reader’s perception of Papa into a negative one, but it is is justification and his his role in the community that sways the reader’s perception of him. His justification for his actions is portrayed through his fanatical belief. He feels that it is his moral obligation to punish those that have sinned which in turn redeems them their place in heaven. This is continually represented by his emotional state whilst punishing a family member, crying while pouring water over Kambili’s feet, his swollen eyes after finding out about the miscarriage and the remorse that he felt after Mama left for Nsukka. It would be a fairly accurate deduction that Papa does monstrous things, but he also does good throughout the novel which proves that he is not a monster nor is he a saint.

The Great Gatsby By George Orwell - 1539 Words

Palahniuk himself even states that Fight Club is the modernised version of The Great Gatsby, when he refers to it as ‘just The Great Gatsby updated a little’. We see when we compare the novels that culture and values have evolved but themes and issues challenging society in the 1920’s world of The Great Gatsby, are still present seventy years later in the 1990’s world of Fight Club. The Great Gatsby is about America’s decline and the fall of the American dream with the struggle of the classes, and Fight Club is the continuation of this but also the rejection of the American Dream. Both novels, although with similarities and differences, represent the zeitgeists of their times effectively. The subject of America’s decline with the increasing materialistic society is a major theme in the Great Gatsby which is continued in Fight Club. We are also able to see similarities and contrasts in the characters and the roles they play in each novel. We ca n compare each novel’s narrator, their reliability as narrators and the differing relationships they have with the protagonist. The changing roles and attitudes towards women is also a major theme in The Great Gatsby and is continued in Fight Club where we see the roles and attitudes now are very different. In many ways the world of The Great Gatsby and the world of Fight Club are parallel. The Great Gatsby and Fight Club have different settings and types of societies. In The Great Gatsby, the Valley of Ashes is described as ‘aShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1684 Words   |  7 Pagesadmit their wrong or surrender forgiveness it lead to many deaths and future injuries.†One Cumberland Plateau town found one thousand murder indictments stretching from the end of the civil war† (165). It seems that a culture of honor was simply a great sense of multigenerational pride passed down in a family wherein if an individual possessed it they might go through multiple levels of defense to retain it. 13. A bad reputation earned by a spate of crashes in the 80’s and 90’s threatened Korean AirRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1277 Words   |  6 Pages 1984 is a novel with a huge amount of political in-depth meanings written by George Orwell. Although the future society that 1984 pictured implies a lot of connections with the Soviet Union during the reign of Stalin, indeed it projects the terrible aftereffects that autocracy in any kinds would bring. Orwell described the detailed life in the oceania which are extremely similar to the life in London after World War II: poverty, lack of supplies, food shortage, dirty street etc. butRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 984 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 1930’s, the people of Great Britain had become increasingly aware of the class divisions, unemployment, and poverty that were plaguing their society. Because the mid-upper classes had little contact with those of the lower classes, and due to either negative or extremely exaggerated information about them, the mid-upper classes held certain prejudices against those of the lower classes. Orwell, who was a member of the middle class, had been raised with these negative prejudices but wasRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1350 Words   |  6 Pages1984, George Orwell portrays the effects a government can have on their citizens if their powers are not restricted. The unlimited power a government has over its citizens can be defined as totalitarianism. In the effects of this type of government can be most clearly seen from the citizens in Oceania. The dictator referred to as â€Å"Big Brother† tells the citizens what to do, eat, and wear. A result of an oppression filled government can be seen through extreme emotions of their citizens. Orwell goesRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1285 Words   |  6 PagesMr.Booth Period 6 English 12/3/14 Author Study of George Orwell George Orwell was a literary tactician who won two major awards because of hia advanced and intriguing use of propaganda. At first glance, his books appear to be stories about animals, however, they contain much deeper and influential meanings. Orwell is most recognized for his portrayal of dystopian societies and how they parallel present society. Through intense allegories, Orwell unintentionally crafted novels that are applicableRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1868 Words   |  8 PagesBiography On June 25, 1903, George Orwell, originally named Eric Arthur Blair, was born. Born in Motihari, India, but moved to England with his mother, Ida and sister, Marjorie when he was one-year-old. Richard, his father was a British Civil Servant who stayed in India because he was stationed there. Growing up, Orwell did not see his father much until he retired in 1912. (Biography.com) When he was five years old, Orwell attended a parish school in Henley. A few years later, he received a partialRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 4085 Words   |  17 Pages(5) A. Quote: â€Å"It thrilled him with a vague uncertain horror, to know that behind the dusky shroud, there were ghostly eyes intently fixed upon him, while he, though he stretched his own to the utmost, could see nothing but a spectral hand and one great heap of black.† Device: Ominous Diction Purpose: By utilizing threatening and such evil choices of words, dickens’ attempts to set the right mood for the occasion so the audience will live the scene. Scrooge is an a dark room waiting for the next spiritRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1633 Words   |  7 PagesSetting: an uninhabited tropical island in the Pacific Ocean, sometime around World War ll Major Conflicts: The boys are abandoned on the island with no adults to supervise them, and while some boys try to keep things in order, others simply want to convert to the savage lifestyle that they find exciting and like nothing they’ve experienced in England. A couple boys lose their lives in this intense struggle for survival while the need to be rescued becomes much more urgent. Major Characters andRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1289 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell explores various kinds of betrayal in order to enhance the mood of solitude with the events leading up to the ultimate betrayal in 1984. The events that contribute to this is the Party s intolerance of betrayal to its ideology, individual betrayal of one another, hope for a love affair, and self-betrayal. The government uses treachery to manipulate numerous characters in order to expose someone’s genuine feelings. The structure of the society as being capitalists is well organizedRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1370 Words   |  6 Pageswarning has great potential because this book was written during the rise of communism. Orwell has specifically warned us about the danger of a government having control over everything that happens in the state and he achieves this by using language in motifs and themes. To begin with, George Orwell definition of dystopia was meant as a warning to those of the modern era, specifically about the danger of all-powerful government, and he achieves this by using motifs. One of the many motifs Orwell uses throughout

Racial Identity And Gender Identity - 879 Words

In a recent South Park episode, titles â€Å"The Cissy†, in order for his own personal gain to use the girls’ bathroom and later to receive his own bathroom, Cartman dons a pink bow on his head to become â€Å"Erica.† Meanwhile, Randy Marsh (as known as Lorde to most and Stan’s dad) must battle with his gender identity and that of his music as women at his work are uncomfortable with sharing a bathroom with him, therefore he must receive his own against his wishes. While both Cartman’s and Randy Marsh’s struggles with their gender identity revolve around the use of a bathroom, through the juxtaposition of the actions of shooting a school and becoming transgender, the symbolism of the â€Å"executive bathroom,† and the final scene of Stan singing in the bathroom designated for â€Å"Cissys’† reveal society’s inability to comprehend gender- identity struggles, thus exposing the uselessness of gender- labeling. The ju xtaposition of the actions of shooting a school and wearing a bow cause laughter from the audience thus revealing society’s inability to comprehend the seriousness of both actions. In the beginning of the episode, the audience is shown a scene of Eric Cartman contemplating what the audience assumes is a school shooting, for he says â€Å"They’ve laughed at me, poked fun at me†¦ They don’t know what’s in my right pocket but they’ll know soon enough and they’ll pay,† (The Cissy). This, coupled with the menacing music playing in the background, further emphasizes the importance of Cartman’sShow MoreRelatedRacial Identity And Gender Identity Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinitions based to categorize people into which racial group they should belong to. To put it another way, Bennett states, â€Å"As psychologists have pointed out, stereotyping is a natural phenomenon in that all humans develop mental categories to help m ake sense of their environments† (91). 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