Increase and Decrease in Social Capital Essay

The definition of ‘social capital’ is easiest to define when looking at both words separately. Essentially, the ‘capital’ is the breadth, number and subsequent advantages of ‘social’ bonds. As sociologist John Fielding puts it, â€Å"Its central thesis can be summed up in two words: relationships matter.† (Field, J (2008). Social Capital. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. 1). These relationships may manifest themselves in numerous social contexts, such as in work, family, academic endeavors and so on. Regardless of context, the benefits that Fielding alludes to, and what really ‘matters’, are the accumulative efforts of social groups and the advantages they hold over individual labour. Social capital is especially applicable to our online social networks, and this essay will be analysing cases that support or reject the statement: ‘The internet has been linked both to increases and decreases in social capital’ (Elliso n & Steinfield, 2007). Despite existing since the 1960s, the level of integration within society that the Internet maintains now has only been achieved within the last decade. The flourish of social networking sites that make the Internet such a pivotal tool in our interactions with one another began around the turn of the millennia. Since the inception of sites like MySpace in 2003, the concept of a website where users may display their details and interact with one another has been capitalised on. These networks, often establishing themselves in the form of blogs paved the way to what are now fast becoming our online identities. The emergence of Facebook is exemplary of how online interaction has grown into a social institute. ‘Created in 2004, by 2007 Facebook was reported to have more than 21 million registered member generating 1.6 billion page views each day‘ (Needham & Company, 2007). It is clear from Facebook’s purpose that the avenues of social capital are fortified and strength ened by online social networks. The widespread use of Facebook has revolutionised many aspects of social interaction. Event organization for example, is now almost reliant on Facebook for it’s success. Facebook’s usage has reached such frequency from the population that it is now an eligible and required source of investigation for crime.  The positive effects from this are outlined in the statement ‘Social Capital has been linked to a variety of positive social outcomes, such as better public health, lower crime rates, and more efficient financial markets (Adler & Kwon, 2002). At its core, Facebook exists to support networks of friends (initially college students), and in this sense it promotes social capital by enabling distance-independent communication. Despite these obvious virtues of Facebook however, there is some opposition to the idea that it promotes social capital. Donath and Boyd (2004) argue that social network websites do not promote social capital and societal bonds. Instead, they merely sustain weak, superficial bonds due to the ease and facile nature of online interactions. Examples of this are ‘liking’ friend’s photos, liking status’ and playing games with other Facebook friends. Bargh and McKenna (2004) argues that ‘Internet use distracts from face-to-face time with others, which might diminish an individual’s social capital’. However, it appears this thesis received criticism from Wellman, Haase and Witte who believe that ‘online interactions may supplement or replace in-person interactions, mitigating any loss from the time spent online’. These statements pronounce information on the rocketing popularity of social networking and how it has become the first choice of communication. Another factor to consider is online shopping. EBay is an online auction website where users can bid on items that other users are selling, users can contact each other about the product they are bidding/buying, this is considered a weak connection. EBay has over 14 million active users has is increasingly growing, one would consider that this increases their social capital, an arguments to support this statement is that EBay is a professional business and has rules and regulations to follow if you are a user, these guidelines also state that you should ‘contact the intellectual property owner with any questions before listing’ which encourages and promotes contacting another seller before, during and after you have purchased their product. Harrison (1998) suggested that it is possible to build social capital in the short term and that this is also known as capacity building EBay stems relationships on the Internet by having your favoured users option, this helps you to revisit any company or professional individual you liked shopping with and gives you the opportunity to view other items they have for sale which would increase one’s individual social capital. However,  Kotha et. Al. (2004), denies this and leads on to say ‘customer and relationship services provide a competitive edge for ecommerce traders. These two communicational factors were found to be more beneficial in creating a long term competitive edge than web site usability and product selection, which may provide short term gain but will not create social capital with the user or give them an emotional connection with the brand or product’ (Kotha, S., Rajgopal, S., Venkatachalam, M., (2004) The role of online buying experience as a competitive advantage: evidence from Third Party ratings for ecommerce firms, The Journal of Business, 77) It has also become clear when researching Social Capital that people argue that you cannot measure the increase in Social Capital, it has been argued that ‘without measurement, change cannot be determined’ (Suna, B. (2011). Building Social Capital. http://www.socialcapitalresearch.com/building.html.). Also, according to Putnam (1993), ‘social capital is largely determined by historical factors; it can thus not be enhanced in the short term’. Putnam’s view is also fully supported by Schmidt (2000) and Uslaner and Dekker (2001). They considered social capital as a by-product of other social activities. This intends that websites such as EBay decrease social capital because there is only a short amount of contact with other people. To support this, EBay’s purpose is for buying, selling and bidding. Once a user has bought a product, the probability that they will never get in contact with that user again is very high due to no face-to-face interaction, which makes it hard to build a relationship for some people. The outcome of this is not being able to maintain or create a strong bond between the two, thus decreasing Social Capital. The last factor to consider is News on the Internet. Having news on the Internet is a great way to increase Social Capital. Norris, (2001) argued that ‘the hope that the Internet would be especially useful in encouraging many people to join political discussions has not been realized’. Norris debates that the Internet is has allowed readers to comment on articles and even start discussions about the article they are reading, but not everyone takes advantage of this option. Discussions help build bonds within people who post comments because they are either support ing or arguing about the information at hand. This does not necessarily mean they are building strong bonds, but a connection is made  between many people that could not happen before the News was posted on the Internet. A following point is that the Internet is always accessible. Modern mobile phones now all have access to the Internet, therefore there is nothing stopping individuals obtaining the news. Smartphones have taken this one step further and created an application to access the news for free. Applications make it simpler for individuals to read the news, email articles to friends and express their opinion with the comment option. Smart phones have given individuals the access to enjoy news wherever they are. During these modern times, Law enforcements have taken to updating the news via social networks. Updating social networks spread to a wider audience of readers, keeps readers aware of what is happening in the news and gives the opportunity for individuals to ask questions and in some cases help. This helps increase Social Capital, serious and local news can be discussed between readers and in some cases solve problems. For example, injecting the media sources with information of a missing person spreads the acknowledgment and creates more wide spread enforcements, which is shown in the following statement . ‘Subsequent researchers (Best & Dautrich, 2003; Kavanaugh, Reese, Carroll, & Rosson, 2005; Kobayashi, Ikeda, & Miyata, 2006; Rà ¤sà ¤nen & Kouvo, 2007) found that online communications have a positive effect on individuals’ social trust and participation in community life’ (Valenzuela, S., Park, N. and Kee, K. F. (2009), Is There Social Capital in a Social Network Site?: Facebook Use and College Students’ Life Satisfaction, Trust, and Participatio n; Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication) Overall, all these factors help increase social capital, because they are creating strong bonds between different people, most of who wasn’t aware of others existence. Alternatively, News on the Internet can also decrease social capital. This is because there is again, no face-to-face interaction with other people, therefore making it hard to build relationships and bonds. Discussions can also lead to arguments on the Internet, the lack of face-to-face interaction gives some readers the confidence to vocalise opinions they would not necessarily vocalise when in physical contact with someone. The Internet for a lot of individuals is seen as a shield of protection, and a small percentage of people can voice hateful words on the Internet and no action can be taken. This decreases an individual’s Social Capital, because people would not want to create bonds  with others with view on the Internet. In conclusion, the Internet has been linked to both increase and decrease Social Capital in numerous ways. Social Networking has increased Social Capital by creating bonds between individuals with a variety of positive social aspects, maintaining old friendships and whilst enabling new ones. However, Social Networking also decreases Social Capital due to the lack of face-to-face interaction, and it is also argued that Social Networks ‘merely sustain weak, superficial bonds due to the ease and facile nature of online interactions’ (Donath and Boyd, 2004). Online shopping platforms have also increased Social Capital, EBay forces users to contact each other to ask about products they are selling, users bid/buy products and are sometimes in competition with other users to win the item. This creates bonds between users even though they are weak. The decrease of Social Capital on EBay is the point of no face-to-face interaction, and after the transition is completed, there is no need for you to contact that user again, so this is an example of short term Social Capital. The last point discussed was News on the Internet, the increase of Social Capital in the news is the point of everyone being able to comment or discuss news stories. Alternatively, the decreasing affect of the news on the Internet is also an invitation for arguments and hurtful opinions. References: Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook â€Å"friends:† Social Capital and college students’ use of social networking sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), article 1. (2005). What is Social Capital and how might it be used in Scotland’s schools? Available: http://www.ces.ed.ac.uk/PDF%20Files/Brief036.pdf.). (Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007) ‘The benefits of Facebook â€Å"friends:† Social Capital and college students’ use of online social network sites). Donath, J., & Boyd, D. (2004). Public displays of connection. BT Technology Journal, 22(4), 71–82. Kotha, S., Rajgopal, S., Venkatachalam, M., (2004) The role of online buying experience as a competitive advantage: evidence from ThirdParty ratings for ecommerce firms, The Journal of Business, 77(S2), pp. 109-13. Dekker, P & Uslaner, E (2001). Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life. London & New York: Routledge. Kilpatrick, S. Falk, I. Harrison, L (1998). Learning in rural communities: a rapid economic change. Australia: Centre of Research and Learning in Regional Australia Best, S., & Dautrich, K. (2003). Reinvigorating democracy: Generating social capital and political participation on the Internet. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Nashville, TN. Kavanaugh, A., Reese, D., Carroll, J., & Rosson, M. (2005). Weak ties in networked communities. Information Society, 21, 119–131. Kobayashi, T., Ikeda, K. i., & Miyata, K. (2006). Social capital online: Collective use of the Internet and reciprocity as lubricants of democracy. Information, Communication & Society, 9, 582–611. Rà ¤sà ¤nen, P., & Kouvo, A. (2007). Linked or divided by the web Internet use and sociability in four European countries Communication & Society, 10, 219–241. Websites: http://pages.ebay.co.uk/aboutebay/thecompany/companyoverview.html

Employee Recognition in Relation to Motivation Theories

The term â€Å"motivation†, which is defined using various terminologies, is often used to describe different types of behavior. Motivation is the â€Å"internal state or the condition that activates behavior and gives it direction; the desire or want that energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior, or the influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior†. (Huitt, 2001) Motivation is specific to an individual’s make-up, their personal interests, wants and desires, or need to fulfill a goal. Several factors influence an employee’s level of motivation: pay, opportunity for advancement, growth and development, job security, honesty and integrity, working conditions, reward and recognition. Employee recognition is often praised at a â€Å"successful motivator†. To understand what factors influence motivation we need to understand the research and theories developed to define and explain motivation. Discussion Motivational theories dating back to the early 1950’s â€Å"provide a foundation to today’s motivational concepts†. Robbins, 2005) Abraham Maslow introduced the â€Å"hierarchy of needs† theory suggesting that needs are a physiological or psychological deficiency that a person feels the urge to satisfy. Maslow’s theory proposes that individuals are motivated by multiple needs and that these needs are present in a â€Å"hierarchical† order. Maslow’s theory was that an unsatisfied need influences an individual’s behaviour and once the need is satisfied it is no longer a motivator. The model of needs was developed using five levels of human needs: hysiological, safety, social, esteem, and self actualization. Physiological and safety levels were described as the lower levels of the model following the idea that these needs are satisfied externally. To satisfy the lower level needs of hunger, shelter, security is accomplished by things such as pay, medical benefits, or tenure. The â€Å"higher-order needs which are met internally include social, esteem, and self actualization. The concept is that an individual works through each level of the model one by one. Each level must be satisfied before moving on to the next level eventually attaining self-actualization. Self-actualization is the point in which one has reached their maximum potential. (Robbins, 171) Douglas McGregor had opposing theories â€Å"Theory X and Theory Y† to explain an individual’s behaviour in work and organizational life. McGregor theorized that â€Å"management involved more than simply giving orders and coercing obedience; it was a careful balancing of needs of the organization with the needs of individuals†. McGregor followed Maslow’s â€Å"hierarchy of needs† philosophy to describe human needs and to support the belief that an individual’s need is satisfied through work. Studying how managers interacted with employees, McGregor identified a set of beliefs managers used to assess employees. The assumptions identified in Theory X are based on the lower level needs (physiological, safety) on the hierarchy model. This portrayed a somewhat negative viewpoint using the assumption â€Å"that most people will avoid work because they don’t like it and must be persuaded to put forth significant effort. The individuals in this category are not interested in being â€Å"self-led†, do not care to take on responsibility as they are content following directions. † (Robbins, 2005) In opposition to this, Theory Y uses the upper level of the needs (social, esteem, self-actualization) hierarchy model stating that most individuals are â€Å"self-led† to accomplish goals in which they have set for themselves. In this positive view, McGregor identifies that employees regard work as a natural activity. This premise led to the belief that motivation occurs due to an individuals’ drive to satisfy their needs. McGregor identified those managers of Theory Y type employees believed that people inherently like to work. A result of this belief the manager pushes more responsibility on the employee in an attempt shape employee’s goals to align with the organization. Following the steps of Maslow and McGregor, Frederick Herzberg developed a motivational theory based on the â€Å"needs† concept. Trying to answer the question â€Å"what do people want from work†, he developed the â€Å"Two Factor† theory. Based upon his studies he believed that satisfaction and dissatisfaction at work arose from different factors, and was not simply opposing reactions. Hygiene needs are defined as company policy, work conditions, relationship with supervisor, and salary by Herzberg. He believed that people strive to achieve hygiene needs because without them they are unhappy, but once satisfied the effect will wear off. End result or meaning is that satisfaction is temporary. This factor indicates that people are not motivated by addressing these hygiene needs, fulfillment just appeases the individual. Herzberg’s second factor is identifying â€Å"motivators†, suggesting that individuals are motivated by enabling them to reach for and satisfy real motivating factors such as personal growth, development, recognition, responsibility and achievement which correspond to a high level of meaning and fulfillment. Maslow, McGregor, and Herzberg were pioneers in motivational study. The amount of research on the topic did not end there. Contemporary researchers have continued collecting data and developing theories in the subject area of motivation. The concept of â€Å"what motivates an employee† continues to intrigue researches. Data collected today is not a direct dispute to past theory but a reflection on the change of the times, the change in work environment. Clayton Alderfer modified Maslow’s â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs† introducing the ERG theory; consisting of three need categories: â€Å"existence†, relatedness, and â€Å"growth†. Alderfer’s theory suggested that movement between the need levels is quite simple, resulting in a regression when an individual does not meet a higher-order need. The ERG theory starts with â€Å"existence† identifying an individual’s need to satisfy hunger, thirst, and sex, correlating with Maslow’s lower level needs of physiological and safety. Alderfer classifies the need for successful relationships with others (family, friends, coworkers, etc) as â€Å"relatedness† aligning with Maslow’s theory of social need and esteem. Lastly, Alderfer categorized a person’s desire for personal growth and increasing competence as â€Å"growth†. (Robbins, 2005) The ERG theory although similar to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory differs in the philosophy that people can work towards fulfilling the different level of needs at the same time. Contrary to Maslow’s beliefs that an individual must obtain and satisfy a â€Å"need† before attempting to work on the next need level Alderfer theorized that these areas are simultaneous. In addition to believing that individuals worked on the different needs categories at the same time he also introduced the concept of â€Å"regression†. As an individual attempts to satisfy a high lever need frustration my occur resulting in regression to satisfying a lower level need. This idea proposes potential impacts in employee motivation. An employee can become frustrated if the opportunity for growth and development is not made available resulting in regression towards the â€Å"relatedness† need. This leads to â€Å"de-motivation† where as the employee loses focus on satisfying the â€Å"growth† need and begins to concentrate on building and maintaining relationships with others. David McClelland developed a motivational theory based on needs as well. McClelland proposed that individual needs are acquired over time and are shaped by the early experiences faced in life. McClelland identified three needs influence an individual’s motivation and effectiveness in an organization: achievement, power and affiliation. McClelland based his theory on the thought that everyone prioritizes needs differently. He also believed that needs were acquired based on an individual’s experiences in life. The need to succeed or excel (achievement) is associated with individuals who are driven to do things better. These individuals are motivated by personal responsibility in identifying solutions to problems, desire immediate feedback on their performance to determine if they are improving or not, and set challenging goals. The need for power is the desire to have impact, to be influential, and to control others†. (Robbins, 2005) Power can be categorized in one of two types; personal and institutional. Individuals driven to direct others when its unwanted is personal power, whereas those who want to organize the efforts of others to further the goals of the company is institutional power. Individuals who possess the need for institutional power are more effective leading employees than one who desires to control people. Individual who have a high need of power are likely to follow a path of continued promotion over time. Behaviors including enjoying being in charge, wanting to influence others, prefer competitive situations, and are more concerned with prestige and influence over others versus effective performance are associated with the need for power. And finally, McClelland identified the need for affiliation. People with the need for affiliation seek harmonious relationships, social approval, and need to feel accepted by other people. Individuals seeking to fulfill the affiliation need prefer to work in situations that provide social interaction; they enjoy being part of a group and tend to conform to the norm of the group. There are two types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is when individuals are internally motivated to do something because it either brings them pleasure, or they believe it is important. Many of the motivational theories discussed in the first portion of this paper are associated with intrinsic motivation. Maslow, McGregor, Herzberg, Alderfer, and McClelland based their theories of behavior on individuals’ desire to satisfy basic and advanced needs. These desires are based on the individual’s level of personal satisfaction and the theory focuses on the natural tendency toward growth and development. Additional studies have been conducted with theories based on â€Å"extrinsic† motivation. Extrinsic motivation is when an individual is compelled to perform based on external factors like money, recognition, rewards, ect. Cognitive theories such as â€Å"Goal-Setting†, â€Å"Reinforcement†, and Equity have received a similar amount of attention as needs-based theories. Cognitive theory is based on the idea that â€Å"high intrinsic motivation levels are strongly resistant to the detrimental impacts of extrinsic rewards. No matter how interesting or exciting a job is there is still an expectation for some type of extrinsic payment. For those positions or jobs that fall in between the highly satisfying intrinsically and low level less interesting work cognitive theory may be more appropriate. (Robbins, 2005) Edwin Locke believed that the objective of working towards a goal is a key foundation in employee motivation. Locke introduced the â€Å"Goal-Setting† theory using the concept that setting goals offers an employee structure. Goals establish was needs to be done, and from this the individual understands how much effort is required to complete the task. As the goal becomes more challenging the effort required increases. Understanding this basic concept supports the theory that goals are valuable to the company in the respect that challenging goals leads to increased employee performance. Locke further suggests that employee involvement in goal setting increases the commitment and drive to obtain the goal. Taking a slightly different approach, the â€Å"Reinforcement† theory looks at the relationship between behavior and the consequences that arise from specific behaviors. The theory implies that individual behavior can be modified using different techniques such as positive reinforcement, avoidance, extinction, or punishment. â€Å"Reinforcement theory ignores the state of the individual and concentrates solely on what happens to a person when he or she takes some action†. (Robbins, 2005) This theory is based on the idea that is the physical, environmental stimuli that individuals are exposed to affects one’s behavior, their motivation does not come from within (emotions, feelings, desires, etc. The idea is to respond or do not respond to certain types of behavior. An example of reinforcement is when a frustrated child is throwing a temper tantrum, one of two reinforcement approaches can be used: Avoidance; the parent ignores the behavior in an attempt to show the tantrum will not be acknowledged and the tantrum will end. Or, punishment such as placing the child in time will reinforce that the type of behavior is unacceptable and will no t be tolerated. The theory is that the negative consequence of being in time out will deter similar behavior. An individual’s perception can play a large role in their job performance. The Equity theory states that employees compare their job process, the tasks required and their performance with other employees and react accordingly. Based on the comparison the employee may feel as though others are treated better, (increased pay, better working conditions, more/less hours) and tend to act accordingly. Employees will also compare their output in relation to the company’s input (reward) to determine if the input is equal to their effort. When there is a negative perception, or it felt that there is an inequality an individual may decide to decrease the amount of effort they put forward, look for work elsewhere, reduce the quality of their work or attempt to persuade co-workers perceptions. On the other side of the theory when employees perceive that they are being treated equitably or fairly they are more apt to be happy or satisfied resulting in increased participation/productivity. Given a thorough review of the different theories that have been developed, studied and documented there is not a quick, easy, or one size fits all answer to what motivates employees. Most often the typical response to this question is â€Å"money†. But surprisingly enough when employees are surveyed money is not the number one answer. (Robbins, 2005) Kenneth Kovach Ph. D. , discusses employee survey results in â€Å"Employee Motivation: Addressing a Crucial Factor in Your Organization’s Performance†. Ranking high on the scale is â€Å"full appreciation of work done†. (Kovach, 1995) Kovach compared results from an employee survey conducted in 1946 and in 1995, employees ranked â€Å"full appreciation of work done† number 1 and number 2 respectively. Obviously the change in times and work environment played a part in the slight change over the years. Kovach’s point is that based upon employee surveys money is not a hot topic, what seem to be on the minds of employees is interesting work, appreciation of work and the feeling of being in on things or involved. One approach to satisfy these desires is the use of recognition. Recognition, what is it? Webster’s dictionary defines â€Å"recognition† as â€Å"to recognize†, â€Å"to know†, â€Å"to admit the value†. To use this in today’s organizations recognition is about â€Å"noticing and honoring† one’s performance. Hansen, Smith, & Hansen, 2002) Employee recognition is the communication used to identify the positive performance or outcomes conducted for the organization. How do we correlate the use and effect of recognition with the different motivational theories? Hansen discusses Maslow’s concept of â€Å"expressive mode† theorizing that people are propelled by growth motivation rather than by deficiency motivation (lack of faith in human potential) Employees are not dependant on the extrinsic satisfaction, but rather dependant on their own personalities and hidden resources for their continued growth and development. Hansen, 2002) Simply put, individuals are motivated by acknowledgment of progress, growth and development, as well as performance. Similarly, Herzberg’s two-factor theory distinguishes between hygiene and motivator motivation factors. Hygiene factors correlate to job dissatisfaction, while motivator factors align with job satisfaction. Herzberg believed that job dissatisfaction and job satisfaction were not opposite each other, meaning that the lack of one did not result in the other. â€Å"Job dissatisfaction do es not mean that there isn’t â€Å"any† job satisfaction. Hygiene factors (rewards) can be observed when an employee is asked to complete a project with a promise of position advancement, versus recognition for achievement as a motivator factor that is basic to the job. Ultimately, the use of rewards corresponds to the use of â€Å"hygiene factors† just as the use of recognition signifies the use of â€Å"motivator† factors. (Hansen, 2002) Using the mind set that â€Å"we want employees to perform well, and, given the right environment, and incentives, employees also want to perform well†. Bobic & Davis, 2003) Reflecting on McGregor’s Theory Y, the managerial approach assumes first that people prefer to work and strive to perform, thus delegating responsibility to the employee allowing the worker to be creative, to have the opportunity to identify areas of concerns and find solutions. When this is accomplished with success, the manager recognizes the individual’s ability to perform. The result is employee recognition resulting in increased responsibility and accountability. McGregor supported Maslow’s theory that all humans had the potential to be creative, stating that â€Å"†¦ elf actualized creativity to be innovative†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bobic &Davis) Management has the ability to â€Å"motivate† an individual’s pursuit of self esteem, and self actualization through recognizing their ability to assume responsibility. Recognition of creativity and innovation will encourage the commitment and initiative the employee brings to company. â€Å"By strengthening and enhancing behaviors that are a source of differentiation and uniqueness, recognition serves a strategic function. (Hansen, 2002) Motivational theories differ in the way the concept of motivation is defined and controlled. Each theory has it basis, whether it is a â€Å"needs† based concept, or a â€Å"behavioral† concept. Just as humans are genuinely different, so are the theories. We can make general assumptions in regards to human character, trait, desires, and reactions but in the end what is definite is situational. There are many factors such as cultural background, environment, economics, and a person’s upbringing that potentially has an effect on what will motivate an individual. Reviewing the basic concept behind the theory of motivation and recognition you can identify some simple correlations. The reinforcement theory is not just about administering negative consequences. There are several different types of â€Å"behavioral† based programs available to address different concepts. For example a behavioral based safety program is built on the concept of recognizing safe behavior. Instead of focusing on the negative actions or unsafe attitudes of employees the program is established to recognize and reward safe behavior and encourage employee participation in identifying and correcting unsafe conditions. In the same manner, the reinforcement theory can enhance employee motivation towards work performance if a positive approach is used. Pointing out the negative performance ratings or avoiding a problem employee results in de-motivating the employee. Similarly, avoiding a problem employee gives the perception that the manager or company doesn’t care and fosters thinking of â€Å"why should I†? The last concept or theory to consider is the Equity theory. The basis for this theory is that employees expect a fair return for what they contribute to their job. This â€Å"fair return† is often evaluated based on what the return is for their effort. These individuals compare the input (reward/pay) by the company to the output (their effort) to determine if the reward warrants the effort put forth. Using the same concept employs also compare their input/outputs with their coworker to determine equality. If they feel that their coworker was given more for the same amount of work or less the employee will perceive this as unjust practices. Conclusion Motivation is â€Å"the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort in attaining a goal†. Robbins, pg. 170) Identifying what drives and contributes to employee motivation has been a topic for numerous researches, psychologists, and organizations alike over the last fifty to sixty years. During these years many motivational theories were developed to explain what motivates individuals. Theories based on â€Å"needs† principal were developed by researchers/psychologist such as Maslow, Herzberg, & McGregor. â€Å"Maslow professed that the specific needs of people that must be met in order for them to be motivated, thus improving productivity†. Herra, 2002) Additionally motivational theories were developed based on the concept of equity or reinforcement. The â€Å"Equity† theory represent the idea that equity is a perception of justice/equality based on what the employee puts out and receives in return. A comparison is made in regards as to performance/effort and what reward/recognition is received to determine if equality exist. Tasked with understanding what motivates employees organizations have spent a great amount of time, energy and resources identifying how to keep employees motivated under various, ever changing conditions. When asked what is of key importance employees respond with â€Å"recognition† (Robbins, 2005) Recognition of an employee’s accomplishments, performance and/or dedication to the organization results in increased productivity, continued support of the company’s goals, and positive employee attitude. Based on the motivational theories established, recognition, while not the only source of motivation seems to an easy, simplistic solution to improve employee motivation. Employee recognition serves two distinct purposes: enhance employee motivation as well as bond together other motivators presently used for business organizations. An employee’s wage is payment for doing a job, benefits are designed to preserve an employee’s well being, and rewards are used to compensate for completion of a specific task or organizational goal. Recognition pulls the three aspects together as a means for organizations to develop and maintain a strong employee workforce.

Basic Hydraulic Systems

Basic Hydraulic Systems Every hydraulic system has a minimum number of basic components regardless of its design and function. The fundamental components of the hydraulic system include pump, reservoir, directional valve, check valve, pressure relieve valve, selector valve, actuator, and filter. An open center system has fluid flowing, with any pressure in the system when the actuating mechanisms are idle. The pump disperses the fluid from the reservoir through the selector valves and return to the reservoir. The open center system may engage a several subsystems, with a selector valve for every subsystem. The selector valve of the open center system is connected in series with each other. In this arrangement, the system pressure line will go through each selector valve. The fluid is allowed free passage through the selector valve and return to the reservoir until one of the selector valves is ready to operate a mechanism. When one of the selector valves is set to operate an actuating device, fluid is flowing from the pump through one of the working line to the actuator. When the selector valve is set in this position, the fluid flow to the reservoir is blocked. The system overcome the resistance by using the pressure build up in it and move the piston of the actuation cylinder, fluid from the opposite end of the actuator will returns to the selector valve and return to the reservoir. The operation of the system after actuation of the component will depends on the type of the selector valve that has been used. Many types of selector are used together with the open center system. One of the types is both manually engaged and manually disengaged. The valve is manually moved to an operating position. Then, the actuating mechanism reaches the end of the operating cycle, and the output of the pump continue until the pressure is relieves by the system relief valve. The relief valve dismount and allows the fl uid to return to the reservoir. The system pressure remains at the relief valve set pressure until the selector valve is returned manually to the neutral position. It reopens the open center flow and let the system pressure to drop to line resistance pressure.

Lac Leman Festival De La Musique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lac Leman Festival De La Musique - Essay Example The records show the attendance witnessed, in particular, Saturday concerts. The record predicts the number of attendees and by extension the number of DVDs that could be sold during the concert. An electronic survey is also conducted with a description of the DVDs particulars including the price sent via e-mail to past attendees (Newman, 2010). Of the one hundred and fifty surveyed only thirty-seven respond. Of the thirty-seven, only seven respond in the affirmative. According to Bodily & Jenkins (2007), the mean for the attendance of the Saturday festival was 24, 139 with a deviation recorded at 10,818. As such, it is evident that the likelihood that the sales will generate sufficient proceed is low due to the elevated disparity level. This is representative of the proportion of persons likely to purchase the DVD, which is 7/37. The uncertainties are evident in the contractual obligation with the performers of the concert yet only a single month left posed a great risk. Indeed, whe ther or not the reasonable sale of DVDs from Friday’s concert would be made during Saturday’s concert is a concern. The number of attendees during the Friday concert could determine the sale of DVDs. Concert attendees who could purchase the DVDs are equally unknown to Carla Monte. Decisions to conduct a market research to gauge whether attendees would buy DVDs were made. There is a follow up of the market research conducted that estimates the mean probability of an individual attendee’s choice to buy as 0.1892%.

Past President IN Current Times Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Past President IN Current Times - Essay Example This also brings a problem since that the next generation will suffer since there will be little finance. Thus, management should be worried about the economy. John Kennedy was a democrat, and he was able to balance his power effectively both as a President and a conveyor of public interest. While exercising the power he had as a president, he always thought about the general welfare of the people. Bureaucracies suffer from political influence (Hald-Mortensen ), which becomes a problem especially if there is incompetent leadership. There should be a distinction between administration and the political sector for there to be an assurance of effective bureaucracy run by democracy. President Kennedy was courageous and made hard and competent decisions. He went for a strike on behalf of his country against the titans who had hiked steel prices, until it amounted to a rational price. There is a problem in making decision as to abolish parole in America. The parole authorities should stand firm and be courageous in the decision they will make in future. For a country to prosper, leaders should rule using democracy, be courageous in each decision they make and also be concerned about the universal welfare of the

Others Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Others - Essay Example Relative to other companies, we provide a flexible way of working, employees can choose a time to finish the work at home. In addition, our company also saves on the cost of renting office space and daily maintenance. This is because our devoted staffs are allowed to carry out their tasks in the comfort of their houses. In this case, the company makes provision for all logistic requirements to facilitate workers in their day to day activities. The world’s economic system is fast changing due to the roles that international trade and investment is playing in the system of economic development. Due to cultural and language barrier in terms of trade, investment and cooperation, emerging concepts of translation services has led to a number of successful international trade negotiations. Consistent with the long-standing predictions, available data reveals an increase in international trade negotiations across the globe. Many States and policymakers have already recognized the importance of cultural competence in facilitating effective communication during negotiations. Internet-based translation has become increasingly popular even though a pivot translation service is required to fully realize the translation between non-English languages through cascading different translation services. It is with great effort that e-translate have made it their priority to develop a content-based coordination that aims at maintaining the consistency of the word meaning during the translation services. The number of languages used in internet has shown a rapid increment. For instance, those using English comprise of 40 percent of all the internet users, Asian language users represent 26 percent, European language users represent more than 30 percent excluding English users, while other languages users represent nearly 20 percent. This trend has a greater influence on the requirement of translation services among non-English language users, as well as between

What can we do to prevent Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What can we do to prevent Global Warming - Essay Example Global Warming is a popular term found nearly everywhere these days. But what is this issue? Global Warming is the term, coined to explain the rapid increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface and water. This has led to an immense change in the how our natural environment actually was. As Mother Earth is threatened by the ongoing global warming; it is our responsibility as its inhabitants to play our role as its guardians. Although it might seem hard at first, but with zeal and utmost determination, we can accomplish this. By following some simple steps and making them a habit, we can play our part in saving Mother Nature from the disaster that we have our selves created. We usually find words, such as Reduce, Reuse, Recycle engraved on the products that we buy. These words convey a very important message to us i.e. of conserving the result of natural resources such as paper, glass, plastic and aluminum etc. Scientists believe that we can consume these resources in an efficient manner, without harming the Mother Earth. This can be done through the process of recycling. A common example of recycling, involves the newspapers that we read each day. These are recycled again and again, so that trees can be saved. So recycling basically is the process of utilizing the product that has originally served its purpose to make or manufacture new products. The process of recycling is set in action, if these used products are disposed of in a manner that is both appropriate and environmental friendly. By adopting the popular technique of recycling, we certainly can play our due. In recycling, we can actually use the natural resources again and again, without caus ing any further harm to the environment. On an individual basis, we can contribute towards recycling in a number of ways. While doing groceries shopping, we should buy

Safety and health management system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Safety and health management system - Essay Example Most of the diseases arise due to poor safety measures. Moreover, pursuing safety management will enable me have a direct impact on public health and safety. As I reviewed the power point presentation on Goal setting for Young Professional, the part that interested me most was on the â€Å"Ten Steps to Reach Your Goals.† These ideas are applicable to my career choice, which require me to keep dreaming. The ten steps will guide me in assessing if am working towards my goal. I already have burning desire in safety management, however, I have realize that I need to develop a belief regarding my goals, write it down, set deadliness to achieve the different steps towards my goal, identify the obstacles, get the appropriate resources that will enable me attain my goals. Moreover, I need to identify the people who can help me achieve my goals, make plans regarding my goals, and make a personal decision to succeed. Although I have always set goals in life, at times I fail to achieve some because I did not know some of the most important steps in achieving goals such as setting deadlines for the different steps towards achieving the goal. 3. On page 34 of your Job Choice test, there is an article about passion and purpose. Those who have a high level of passion and purpose in their careers are those who are the most successful. How could you develop a high level of passion and purpose in your career? Passion is very important in life since it gives meaning to one’s life. Moreover, passion is important for one to enjoy, gain satisfaction, and make a difference in life. One can develop high level of passion and purpose in his or her career. The first step towards developing high-level passion is identifying ones interests. This will pave way towards the career one chooses to pursue. The next step is distinguishing the desires from interests. This aids in narrowing down the interests. Realizing ones desire enables one identify the interests and

Business Consulting Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Consulting Paper - Essay Example The external consultant advices different clients compared to an internal consultant who only advises his company. This essay expounds on what is a business consultant and his or her respective roles and responsibilities. A business consultant is a person who is an expert in business fields and offers advice and guidance to firms mostly at a fee. The business fields include finance, management, accountancy, human resource and procurement. For instance, a finance consultant advises a firm on management issues of finances and how to get the finances. He or she advises them on how to issue stocks, rights issues, bonds and any other tactic of gaining capital from the shareholders. He or she advises the client on how to join the stock exchange markets to trade in stocks. This is done to improve the capital base of an organization thus facilitating its growth. An example of a firm providing financial consultant services is Deloitte Consulting LLP (Malone, 2012). A management consultant who is still a business consultant, advises firms on any management issues. He or she guides a firm when setting up its organization structure, and also when coming up with the roles and responsibilities in every position. A management consultant also helps any organization to choose the best organization culture that would improve the performance of the employees. An example of management consultant firm is the McKinsey & Company. It has been offering these services since 1926. Human resource consultant gives guidance to an organization on how to handle its human resource; a framework on how to recruit, induct and associate with new employees is set by the help of a human resource consultant. An example is Mercer LLC in the United States, which has many offices worldwide (Malone, 2012). Finally, a procurement consultant who is still a business consultant,

Five Controversial Argumentative Views That Constitute a Proper Aim of Essay

Five Controversial Argumentative Views That Constitute a Proper Aim of Law - Essay Example Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.† Mills was a British philosopher, economist and civil servant and a very influential contributor to the ideas of his time in social theory, political theory, and political economy. His concept of liberty gave complete control and freedom to the individual and opposed unlimited state control. Mills’ theory excuses persons who are â€Å"incapable of self-government† from this principle, such as young children or those living in â€Å"backward states of society.† Mills also felt that despotism (tyranny) is an acceptable form of government for societies that are â€Å"backward,† as long as the absolute ruler has the best interests of the people at heart. However, the theory has complications as â€Å"harms† may include actions that are omitted as well as acts of commission. Failing to rescue a drowning child or failing to pay taxes, both are harmful omissions that may be regula ted by law. Mills did not think that offense constituted â€Å"harm†; however, an action could be curtailed if it violated the morals of a society. He also contended that free speech is a necessary condition for intellectual and social progress. He was famous for being one of the first supporters of rights for women. In his book â€Å"The Subjection of Women† he points out three major facets hindering women, society and gender construction, education, and marriage. His formation of the â€Å"greatest-happiness principle† is his most famous theory. It stipulated that a person must always act so as to produce the greatest happiness among feeling beings within reason. He also felt that intellectual and moral pleasures were more important than physical forms of pleasure. He believed in free markets and accepted intervention in the economy for tax on alcohol and supported legislation on animal welfare. John Austin was a noted British jurist and author of law and juri sprudence. He developed a theory called â€Å"legal positivism.† This basic theory of law states that there is no association between the validity of a law and ethics and morality. Therefore, by â€Å"legal positivism† the law is considered separate from moral and ethical values. It considers the law to be studied by lawmakers who are humans. It does not give any real basis for arguing against the validity of any law based on the content, no matter how horrible to the morality of any person. The argument is based solely on the nature of the law being a human institution. Gerald Dworkin is a professor of moral, political and legal philosophy. He is noted for his development and writings on â€Å"moral paternalism†, which refers to an attitude or policy based on the hierarchy of a families’ CEO or authority. His research includes ideas of the nature and justification of self-government or the right of self-government. His most recent book defends physician- assisted suicide. In it he argues that doctors who approve of stopping life support at the patient’s request, giving pain-relief medication that kills the patient, or who approves terminal sedation are inconsistent in condemning physician-assisted suicide. â€Å"Legal moralism† is a theory of jurisprudence which projects that laws may be used to prohibit or require a certain

The Gutai Seen Through a Zen Lens Essay Example for Free

The Gutai Seen Through a Zen Lens Essay The Gutai Group are well known for their actions and have been considered by many a link between western contemporary art movements and contemporary eastern art. In February of 1998 the Museum of Contemporary Art in New York exhibited Out of Actions: Between Performance and the Object, 1949-1979. In the exhibition catalog, of the same name, the Gutai Group is discussed extensively as a new tradition of action artists who were developing and practicing similar work as the likes of Pollock and Kaprow. Little heed is taken to examine the traditions that the artists came from, were influence by, and inevitably continued. Though the Gutai Group is considered a rebellious group of artists who broke from tradition, when looking back, many links between Japanese art before World War II[1] and the groups work are found. Most of these links can be seen when a close reading of the Gutai Group Manifesto is viewed from a Zen Buddhist perspective. It will be seen that the Gutai Group, though unorthodox, created artwork that is at the very least influence if not actually representative of Zen artwork.

ASIC v Adler Essay Example for Free

ASIC v Adler Essay The case of ASIC v Adler is very unique as well as complicated since it involved several breach of duties in the Corporations Act 2001. The HIH collapse was caused by very bad corporate governance. Such breach of duties are, section 9 (director’s duties), section 180 (duty to act with care and diligence), section 181 (duty to act in good faith and for a proper purpose), section 182 (improper use of position), section 182(2) (business judgement rule), section 183 (duty not to improperly use information) and section 260A (financial assistance). All of these contraventions under the Corporations Act 2001 will be discussed in detail below. Section 9 – Who Is A Director And Their Duties Under section 9, a director of a company is defined as a person who is appointed to that position such as a director or alternate director, regardless of what name it is given to that position. Section 9 also includes certain people to be directors even though they are not properly appointed. Such people can act as a director even though without proper appointment of director position. This is where they act in the position of a director (which can be also known as de facto director) or the directors are used to act in accordance with the person’s instructions (which also known as a â€Å"shadow director†). Directors’ duties need to be existed in order to protect shareholders from the risks of directors giving harm towards the company. Shareholders basically have risks such as fraud, where the directors took control over the assets belonging to the company by using it for their personal interest, and mismanagement, whereby directors made an incompetent decision with the financial standing of the company. Furthermore, section 9 also defines the â€Å"officer of a corporation†, which basically includes company executives who held senior positions in the board  level. Such persons can be identified in certain situations where that person (the executives) makes or joins participation into making decisions in which affects the whole or substantial part of the company’s business activities or, the person who has the authority to affect in a significant way towards the company’s financial standings or, basically the same definition of a â€Å"shadow director† where the person are acting towards the instructions given to them to act. In the case of ASIC v Adler, the court held that Adler, the director of HIH, was also an officer of wholly-owned HIH subsidiary which can be related under the section 9 definition of directors. This applies to Adler even though he was not properly appointed as a director or an officer of the subsidiary. Since he has the role of director, the subsidiary holding company and also a member of HIH investment committee, this has showed that he participated in the decision making of the company’s business in which affected it the whole or substantial part of the business. As Santow J gave his judgement on this case, he gave a good summary of principles applicable to directors’ duties. Some of it are; a director must continuously kept informed of the activities of the company, they must be familiar with the fundamentals of the business whereby the company is doing. Section 180 – Duty To Act With Care And Diligence In the section 180(1), it provides that a director or other officer of a company need to exercise their powers and discharge their duties with a standard of care and diligence in which a reasonable person will do if they were the director or officer of a company due to company’s circumstances (section 180(1)(a)) and occupied the office and had the same responsibilities in the company as the director or officer (section 180(1)(b)). Executive directors are full time employees of the company who involved in the day-to-day management of the company. They have special responsibilities with their position and have a high knowledge of daily operations of the company. Non-executive directors, on the other hand, do part-time and have regular involvements in the company. In the case of ASIC v Adler, Williams who was the managing director for HIH and HIHC as well, contravened section 180(1) as he failed to ensure there were proper safeguard before HIHC gave the loan to PEE. Fodera, who was the finance director of HIH, contravened section 180 as he failed to discuss a proposal to give $10 million loan to PEE to the HIH board or its investment committee. As the executive directors of the company, both Fodera and Williams failed to carry out their role properly without informing the HIH board of their intention. Section 180 (2) – The Business Judgement Rule In the section of 180(2), the section provides that a director or any other officer who makes a business judgement rule, will not be held liable in respect of the judgement under the statutory, common law or equitable duties of care and diligence, in which all of the elements can be shown. Such elements are, the judgement was properly made in good faith and for proper purpose, there was not material personal interest in the subject as of the matter of the judgement, the directors and the officers informed themselves about the subject matter of the judgement to the extent they appropriately believed to be reasonable and also the judgement was believed to be in rational in the best interest of the whole company. All of these would be reasonably justified unless any other person in such position thinks that it is completely unreasonable. The business judgement rule basically gives the directors with a â€Å"safe protection† from a personal liability in the relation of the business judgements that they take are valid which is in a good faith and in the best interest of the company. This is because some of their business decisions may turn out to be profit-making or a total loss in honest and rational way. Some of the main reasons for the business judgement rule defences are risk taking and activities in entrepreneurial activities will be encouraged since directors are aware of the specific legislation that if they act honestly,  they will not be punished or personally liable as a result of adverse judicial review. Another rule defence is that better business judgement will be made as a result of removing of some uncertainty of liability under the statutory duty of care and finally, the shareholders interest are better provided by engaging risk taking activities. To make directors be liable for such small erro rs of decision will promote risk-adverse decision-making with contrast effect on the economy. If the directors or other officers are able to satisfy the above requirements, they will have â€Å"safe protection† which makes them to be protected from liability for any breach of their duties of care and diligence. This means that their business judgement in such situations will be reviewed by court. Under section 180(3), the business judgement is defined that any decisions to take or not to take action with respect to matter that is relevant to business activities of the company. This only refers to business decisions that has made relevant to the business activities. It does not include any decisions made in the position of directors powers such as the power to issue shares or pay dividends. By referring to the case ASIC v Adler, the court held that all three Adler, Williams and Fodera breached their statutory duty of care as stated in section 180(1). They also, however could not rely on the business judgement rule as their defence. Firstly for Adler, the business judgement rule did not applicable for him since he cannot satisfy the section 180(2)(b) since he had a conflict of interest in the relation of his decision to invest the $10 million payment from HIHC in PEE. Secondly for Williams, the business judgement rule did not apply to him because of his failed to ensure the correct safeguards were enforced was not business judgement for the purpose in section 180(3). However, even this was a business judgement, since he was a major shareholder of HIH, he basically has material personal interest as in the section 180(2)(b). Other than that, Williams also failed to present any evidence that his judgement was done in good faith for the proper purpose as stated in section 18 0(2)(a). Finally, Fodera cannot rely on his business judgement rule as he failed to refer the transaction of PEE to the HIH board or its investment committee. This was not a business judgement as  stated in section 180(3). Section 181 – Statutory Duty To Act In Good Faith And For A Proper Purpose Under section 181(1), it says that a director or other officer of a corporation to exercise their powers and discharge their duties in bona fide (good faith) for the best interest of the company and also for a proper purpose. The section 181(1) can be contravened if the director thinks that they are actually doing their duties for the best interest of the company in which any other director, in that situation, thinks that is clearly unacceptable approach to do it. This may be happen when a director have a conflict of interest personally with the interest of the company they are handling. In the case of ASIC v Adler, it can clearly be seen that Adler, had contravened the section 181(1) to act in good faith by properly excising his powers and discharging his duties for the best interest of the company. This is because, the transactions that occurred in the HIH, HIHC and PEE had been improperly used, for the sake of his personal interest. Section 182 – Improper Use Of Position Under section 182, the section states that it restricts officers or the employees of a company from improperly using their power to gain advantage for themselves or for any other persons to the company. In the case of ASIC v Adler, the court held that Adler had contravened the section 182 due to the arrangement of $10 million loan from HIHC to PEE which was then to be used to acquire HIH shares on the stock market. This transaction was merely done for the purpose of supporting the HIH shares to increase the price and thereby selling the HIH shares owned by Adler Corporation before PEE could sell off their HIH shares. Because of this transaction, PEE had incurred a total loss of investment by reselling on the HIH shares. In regard of this transaction, Adler was held that he had improperly used his position as a director of HIH, officer of HIHC and director of PEE to gain advantage for the Adler Corporation. The court also held that Williams, also had breached his duties as a director for both HIH and HIHC under section 182, to help gaining advantage for Adler Corporation. This is because Williams, used his position improperly by authorising the $10 million load payment without proper approval from the HIH’s investment committee, which he was required to disclose under the HIH’s investment guidelines. Other than that, the court also held that Adler improperly used his position as a director in the PEE transactions of acquiring a number of unlisted capitals at the cost price from Adler Corporation without obtaining independent valuations of these ventures. With these transactions successful, Adler and Adler Corporation was able to exclude himself from these commercially unviable business operations. Adler basically knew that each of those businesses were having major cash flow problems and each had a significant risk that they would ultimately collapse. Adler, however, failed to disclose his personal interest to the HIH board other than Williams and Fodera. Section 183 – Improper Use of Information As stated in section 183, a person who gets information because they are or are not director, officer or employee of a company, must not misuse the information just to gain advantage for themselves or to any other person whereby causing failure in the company. Section 183 also applies towards resigned or retired directors, officers and employees as well. Informations such as insider information can be taken as an advantage by any person in order to gain benefit by using it to themselves or by giving to other person. In the case of ASIC v Vizard, the court held that Vizard involved in the contravention of section 183, whereby he gained the insider information as he was the non-executive director of Telstra. He misused the information in order to gain advantage for CTI, Brigham and himself as well whereby based on the information that he receives (Telstra board’s decision to acquire  other company and selling their interest on another company), he would act accordingly to buy or sell off his shares ahead of Telstra. S260A – Financial Assistance In section 260A, the section states that it forbids a company financially assisting a person to obtain or acquire shares in the same company of its holding company. However, if some of the conditions are met then the company may proceed to do such transaction. Some of the conditions are, giving the financial assistance will not materially prejudice the interest of the company, its shareholders or the company’s ability to pay its creditors (under section 260A(1)(a)), the financial assistance is validated by the shareholders (under section 260B) or the financial assistance is relieved or exempted (under section 260C). Financial assistance is can be basically referred to where a company is lending money to a person to buy the company shares. This means that the company gives a certain amount of money to a person so that the person buys some of the company’s shares. Another example is where a company gives a surety or guaranteed a person’s loan in which the sum of the loan will be proceeded to buy shares in the company. The company is basically providing a loan to a person for the sake of buying back its own shares off the stock market. Another example is where the company is giving its own assets as a security to a person’s loan in which the loan money will be used to buy the shares of the company given its assets as security. The section 260A clearly states that a company is restricted from giving financial assistance to a person to buy its own shares in the stock market as it will cause material prejudice. By analysing the case of ASIC V Adler, it can be seen that Adler, who was controlling PEE, was clearly contravened the section of 260A by which giving financial assistance to PEE through HIHC, a subsdiary of HIH, which is also a company controlled by Adler. This financial assistance given to PEE, was then used to buy the HIH shares on the stock market. This transaction gives a false impression over the stock market as well as its investors that Adler was supporting the falling share  price of its company, HIH, by buying the shares personally. However, the court found out that Adler does not have the intention to make easy profit and reselling the HIH shares. The real purpose was to increase the HIH share price in benefit of Alder Corporation Limited as substantial shareholding in HIH. The actual evidence is that when PEE went to sell off the HIH shares, it was done only after Adler Corporation decided to sell off its HIH shares in which leads to total loss for PEE’s investment. The Supreme Court of New South Wales held that the main intention of the transaction was that HIHC gave PEE financial assistance in order to acquire the shares in HIH which is HIHC’s holding company. Due to this transaction, according to Santow J, both HIHC and HIH suffered material prejudice, which therefore, contravening section 260A.

John Dillinger: A Biography

John Dillinger: A Biography John Dillinger was one of the Midwest and our nations most elusive and notorious bank robbers. Many thought of Dillinger as a modern day Robin Hood that stole from the very institutions that where foreclosing on broken farmers. (Life, 2003). The truth is that John Dillinger was a career criminal that lead a life of crime that started with Deviance in his youth. Some described his behavior as just kids being kids, but in Dillingers case this was just the beginning. John Herbert Dillinger was born June 22, 1903 in Indianapolis, Indiana to John Wilson Dillinger and Mary Ellen Lancaster. He was the younger of the two children from his fathers first marriage. John Jr was best described as a well behaved child leading up to his mothers death when he was just four years old. This was a difficult time for young Dillinger and allot for him to take in at a young age. Johns older sister took on the responsibilities of the mother figure in the house hold while his father ran his grocery business, but this lasted only a year when his sister moved out and John was left with only his father. (Materra, 1955). In 1912, John Dillingers Grandfather Mathias passed away and his father met Johns stepmother at the funeral. When John was nine years old his father remarried and John was left to adjust yet again to another change in his environment. (Materra, 1955). As Dillinger got older he was involved in more and more deviant behavior that started as pranks and escalated to juvenile court. He was best described by his peers as a bully and a juvenile delinquent that frequently defied authority. ( Materra, 1955). By the time that Dillinger was in the sixth grade he was the leader of a neighborhood gang called The Dirty Dozen. This was composed of numerous children from the neighborhood in which Dillinger grew up, but only a select few participated in the theft of coal from the rail yards in Indianapolis. Dillinger and some of the more prominent members of the gang managed to steal tons of coal and sold it to neighbors at a discounted price, until a railroad detective caught members of the gang that told on Dillinger. This would be Dillingers first encounter with the law that brought him to juvenile court. (Toland, 1963). This could have been said to be the first step in Dillingers criminal career. These were early signs that Dillinger was on his way to a life of crime. The earliest sign was obvious when he was labeled as the ring leader of a gang in the sixth grade that was found guilty of coal theft. No one could have predicted that Dillinger would go on to capture the attention of the nation and make history as one of the nations most notorious outlaws. The public both feared and idolized Dillinger. Some called him a Tommy gun wonder that was swift and gracious in his robberies. When John was twenty he committed his first major crime that put him in the Indiana state prison for ten to twenty years. In the 1920s leading up to his arrest his father decided to sell his grocery store and move to the country and take up farming in Mooresville, Indiana. His father hoped that John would take up farming, but Dillinger was not partial to the country life having been raised in the city. Dillinger never held steady work having dropped out of school he did odd jobs and helped on the family farm. At twenty John stole a car, and to avoid prosecution Dillinger fled and joined the Navy. His days in the Navy lasted only 5 months before he deserted. He then returned home and married a young bride that was sixteen years old. (Girardin and Helmer, 1994). When Dillinger was married it was about the same time that he met Ed Singleton on a local baseball team that they both belonged to. Singleton, who was an ex convict presented the idea of robbing the local grocer to Dillinger. The local grocer Frank Morgan was to be Dillingers first victim in an armed robbery. Morgan just happened to be a very good friend of Dillingers father. Dillinger attacked him on the street with a bolt wrapped in a handkerchief. After struggling with Morgan John pulled a gun and fired it in the air, he then fled out of fear. Weeks later the local sheriff figured things out and brought Morgan out to the Dillinger farm to identify John Jr. Dillingers father was assured that the court would be lenient if he confessed and plead guilty to assault and armed robbery, so Dillinger admitted to committing the crime. When his day came in court there was no leniency and he was sentenced to fifteen to twenty years in the state prison. After 5 years Dillingers wife asked for a divorce and this added to his bitterness and caused him to request to be transferred to the Michigan City State penitentiary where he would be schooled by hardened criminals on how to carry out a successful bank robbery. ( Materra, 1955). Nothing could explain how John Dillinger learned to become a professional bank robber than the hard time that he had served at Michigan City with other notorious criminals. Michigan City state penitentiary was the turning point that changed John Dillingers course in life to a criminal career. From John Dillingers progression from his childhood of deviance and minor criminal activities such as stealing coal and leading a local gang of kids he progressed into the first criminal in history to be known as public enemy #1. (Girardin and Helmer, 1994). The robbery of his local grocer and family friend that put him in prison for ten to twenty years could be observed as the turning point that made Dillinger into a career criminal. In his time at Michigan City he took to education on how to rob banks. Before meeting his tutors he managed to gain quite a reputation in prison. In letters that he wrote his wife in the first ninety days read things such as Ill be home for Christmas (Materra, 1955). In the first ninety days John Dillinger managed to receive another six months added onto his sentence due to two attempted prison breaks. In 1929 John was up for a parole hearing that quickly was turned down due to the size of Johns file. After being denied parole he merely shrugged it off and requested a transfer to Michigan City state penitentary, according to John because they had a better ball team. At twenty six years old Dillinger was about to embark on his criminal education. (Toland, 1963). When Dillinger arrived at Michigan City he was given a job manufacturing clothes where he met his three mentors; Harry Pierpont, Charles Makley, Russell Clark, and Jack Hamilton. All three had been convicted of bank robbery and were more than willing to share their plans and expertise with Dillinger. This gang didnt only share their expertise they shared a list of banks with the weakest security in the Midwest. ( Materra, 1955). In 1933 Dillinger was facing yet another parole hearing. By this time Dillinger got smart and discontinued getting in trouble for petty offenses and focused on the possibility of being released. This time Dillinger was successful in being released receiving two out of the three votes for parole.(Reppetto, 2004) John returned home to Mooresville not to be greeted joyfully, but with the grief that his stepmother had passed away. (Materra, 1955). It wasnt long after Dillinger was released that he went right back to his old ways that gave him 10 years. In late may of 1933 Dillinger teamed up with Noble Claycomb and nineteen year old William Shaw. The trio planned out a job and carried out the first criminal act that John Dillinger had committed since his release. The trio entered a grocery store and made off with $100 in bills after Dillinger assaulted the store manager with the barrel of his hand gun knocking out his teeth. The very next day Dillinger kept his meeting with his parole officer lying to him and stating that he was seeking employment and helping his father on the farm. (Materra, 1955). It wasnt long after that Dillinger embarked on another criminal adventure with William Shaw also known as The Kid and Paul Parker. The three headed out for Indianapolis where they carried out the robberies of a drug store and a Kroger grocery store. Dillinger and Paul Parker scouted some banks that were on the easy jug list, but they had been hit by a much stronger force already. The Great Depression had taken its toll on many banks of the time causing them to go out of business. (Materra, 1955) After a number of robberies Shaw was captured leaving Dillinger with only one other member of what was known as the White Cap gang. After Shaw and the rest of the gang where captured by police Dillinger and their wheel man Copeland decided to carry out the planned bank robbery in Daleville Indiana. Dillinger entered the bank alone and a six-foot cage separated Dillinger from the clerk. In a daring leap Dillinger cleared the top of the wall and ordered the clerk to open the second cage and she did. This leap earned John the famous nickname of Jackrabbit. Dllinger managed to go into the vault and score diamond rings that were in safe keeping and handfuls of cash. Shortly after this successful hoist police cornered Shaw in a cell forcing information out of him until he finally gave up the others in the gang. This was the end of Dillingers first serious gang, but other plans were in the making. Dillinger was back in the recruiting process looking to aspire to bigger takes.(Toland, 1963) Dillingers successful robbery in Daleville Dubbed the Jackrabbit job was quickly linked to Dillinger by authorities, and wanted posters were printed out and dispersed throughout the state. This was the start of Dillingers fame.( Toland, 1963). Dillinger carried out a number of robberies through out Indiana and was captured in Dayton Ohio where john was visiting his girlfriend at the time. Dillinger was taken to the local jail where he was booked and held for trial. While Dillinger was in jail, his mentors where in the process of escaping from prison with weapons that Dillinger had smuggled in for them. After breaking out they returned the favor by getting Dillinger out of jail. This marked the start of Dillingers famous fourteen month career. (Materra, 1955). After the gang was reunited they choose to hit a near by town police station and rob them of their guns and ammunition. For fourteen months these criminals terrorized the nations banks as just bank robbers. On January 15th Dillinger and gang decided to rob the First National Bank of Chicago where things took a twist for Dillinger. This was the day that Dilliger went from a bank robber to a cop killer. When the gang entered the bank the president hit the silent alarm button that was connected directly to the police station a block and a half away. When the officers arrived they found themselves staring down the barrel of Dillingers Tommy gun and quickly retreated out of the bank. One heroic officer tried to take Dillinger down with four shots from his .38 caliber service revolver that all struck Dillinger in the chest. Disoriented Dillinger regained balance and returned fire with his Tommy gun sending eight bullets into the officers body killing him instantly. (Materra, 1955). Dillinger was now known across the United States as not just a bank robber but also a murderer. As Dillinger fired short bursts from his .45 caliber Tommy gun he pulled his wounded associate into the get away car as police fired a barrage of bullets in their direction. (Toland, 1963). With Dillingers fame growing he was growing less popular with the director of the FBI, J. Edgar Hoover and other authorities that he managed to humiliate. After Dillinger and his gang made their get away they all choose to leave the Midwest for a new area. Soon the gang was in Tucson Arizona and up to no good. They wound up drawing allot of attention to themselves by authorities and locals wherever they went with their flashy cars and jewelry. The fall of the gangs bloody reign of terror was the clever work of the Tucson police department who managed to do what the FBI and police departments in the Midwest failed to do time and time again. Without even firing a shot the Tucson police department managed to trick the gang into a trap that put them all in jail and seized more than $27,000 in cash, and a large stash of guns and ammunition. This made the police in the Midwest look even more incompetent. Dillinger was sent back to Indiana where he was to face trial for murder and multiple counts of robbery and assault. While in jail Dillinger managed to craft a gun out of a piece of wood and used it to spring himself to freedom after putting his captures into the very cell in which he was in. (Materra, 1955). When Dillinger fled from the Jail he stole the sheriffs car and drove into Illinois. When he crossed state lines he violated a federal law and now Hoover had all the authority he needed to launch the nations largest man hunt in U.S. History. The man hunt leads authorities to the far northern town of Mercer in Wisconsin where the Dillinger gang was hiding out at a lodge. The lodge named Little Bohemia became the sight of yet another humiliation for Hoover and his G-Men when they did not manage to capture Dillinger. After this the heat was on for John and he returned to Chicago and went into Hiding. He changed his appearance and was hiding out with a call girl named Anna Sage. Anna Sage led to Dillingers fall when she contacted the FBI and told them where he was going to be. Her plan was to avoid deportation by cooperating with authorities. She lead authorities to an air conditioned theater in Chicago where she viewed a movie with Dillinger. She told authorities to look for a lady in a red dress. When they exited the theater the FBI was waiting outside. As Dillinger walked down the side walk he heard some one call his name and he ran down the alley way. As Dillinger ran he was followed by a barrage of bullets that killed him instantly. This was the end of Dillingers life, but the beginning of a legend and many myths about his life. (Girardin and Helmer, 1994). Dillinger will always be remembered in the history books as the first bank robber to challenge authority and rob police stations. He may have been gunned down in that Chicago alley, but his legend will live on throughout the Midwest. Dillinger was the first and last of his kind. His style has never been duplicated and never will be. Many legends of Dillinger still live today. There is still a legend of a lost hoard of cash that only Dillinger knew the location of in northern Wisconsin and many other myths of his notorious career. No one knows if there is any truth to these myths, but there is truth in his actions and his crimes. (Toland, 1963) John Dillingers life was proof that the system and its prisons act as universities for criminals. The question remains whether Dillingers path would have been different had he never gone to Michigan City. His life was an early indication that our prison systems needed to implement correctional programs rather than giving them an education to more criminal activities. Dillinger is one example product of the system, since his time there have been many that go in the system and come out worse off than before entering it. References Girardin R. and Helmer W. 2005. Dillinger: The Untold Story. Copyright 2005 William J. Helmer Matera, D. 2004. John Dillinger: The Life and Death of the First Celebrity Criminal. Caroll and Graf 2004. Toland, J. 1963. The Dillinger Days. De Capro Press Edition 1995. Copyright John Toland 1963. Reppetto, T. 2004. American Mafia. Henry Holt and Co. New York, New York. 2004.

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre: A reconsideration :: Character Analysis, Miss Temple

In Lowood, a great part of Jane's character will be based on the concepts of (in)visibility as well as on the power of the gaze. Talking about Miss Temple, Jane Eyre says that Miss Temple's "language" has: "something which chastened the pleasure of those who looked on her" (Ch. , p.69). Unlike most of Jane's visibilities, Miss Temple 's is a positive visibility that pleases the beholder's eyes. One may say this is because Jane loves this teacher and she is, more likely blinded by her love and admiration for Miss Temple. However, there is a sense of pleasantness associated with the character of Miss Temple. Such claims might be truer in the case of Jane who once goes on to say: "The refreshing meals, the brilliant fire. . . . they glowed in the bright tint of her cheek. (p. 70) After the departure of Miss Temple Jane who now "lost" her "stead" mother and till this moment has never left Lowood is "dawned" by what she calls "another discovery" (p 81): I had undergone a transforming process; that my mind had put off all it had borrowed of Miss Temple †¦. My world had for some years been in Lowood, my experience had been of its rules and systems; now I remember that the real world is wide†¦ (81) The invisibility of Miss Temple has posed an opportunity for Jane's mind eye to transgress the visible (Lowood with all what it meant to Jane) to the invisible (or what she calls the "real world") which, at this very moment, at least, invisible to her as it lies beyond the walls of this institution. It is this unthought-of-invisible that fashions Jane's character in the coming chapters of the novel. It also determines her power of the gaze: That is the way she looks at and feels about the world around her. Jane's new romantic self becomes a corollary of her interest in exploring the invisible that lies beyond the boundaries of Lowood. The new transformed self is also reflected in Jane's forgiveness of her aunt Sarah Reed when she visits her at a latter time. I saw her in a black gown †¦. From the town (85) I looked I saw a woman attired like a well-dressed servant (86) After miss Temple's departure from Lowood, Jane starts thinking ambitiously of knowing what lies beyond the boundaries of Lowood school:

Emily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death Essay -- Because

Emily Dickinson's Because I Could Not Stop for Death Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† is a remarkable masterpiece that exercises thought between the known and the unknown. In Dickinson’s poem, â€Å"Because I could not stop Death,† there is much impression in the tone, in symbols and in the use of imagery that over flow with creativity. One might undoubtedly agree to an eerie, haunting, if not frightening, tone and use of symbolism in Dickinson’s poem. Dickinson uses controlling adjectives –â€Å"slowly† and â€Å"passed† – to create a tone that seems rather placid. For example, â€Å"We slowly drove –He knew no Haste / †¦We passed the School †¦ / We passed the Setting Sun† (5,9,11,12), sets a slow, quiet, and clam atmosphere. The tone in Dickinson’s poem puts readers’ ideas on a track towards a boggling atmosphere. Dickinson’s poem lives on complex ideas that are evoked through symbols, which carry her readers through her poem. Besides the literal significance of –the â€Å"School,† â€Å"Gazing Grain,† â€Å"Setting Sun,† and the â€Å"Ring† –much is gathered to complete the poem’s central idea. Dickinson brought to light the mysteriousness of the life cycle. The cycle of one’s life, as symbolized by Dickinson, has three stages and then a final stage of eternity. â€Å"Schools, where children strove† (9) may represent childhood; â€Å"Fields of Gazing Grain† (11), maturity; and â€Å"Setting Sun† (12) old age. In addition to these three stages, the final stage of eternity was symbolized in the last two lines of the poem, the â€Å"Horses Heads† (23), leading â€Å"towards Eternity† (24). Dickinson thought about the life cycle in terms of figurative symbols. Dickinson describes the scene such that mental pictures of sight, feeling, and sound com... ...ld not stop for Death," will leave many readers talking for years to come. This poem then, puts on immortality through an act of mere creativity. Indeed, creativity was captured at all angles in this striking piece. Bibliography Dickinson, Emily. "Because I could not stop for Death." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford-St. Martin’s, 1997. 642-643. Greenaway, Kate. "Ring-a-ring-a-roses." The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes. Ed. Iona and Peter Opie. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951. 365. Greenberg, John M. "Dickinson’s Because I could not stop for Death." Explicator. v49n4. Summer 1991. 218. Monteiro, George. "Dickinson’s Because I could not stop for Death." Explicator. v46n3. Spring 1998. 20, 21. Shaw, Mary N. "Dickinson’s Because I could not stop for Death." Explicator. v50n1. Fall 1991. 21.

Personal Narrative: Goodbye My Best Friend Essay -- essays research pa

Goodbye It is amazing how many things we take for granted. We make plans for the day, and don't think twice about how those plans can be taken away in the blink of an eye. I never thought much about it myself, until I was faced with the shock, and undeniable truth of my cousin's death. I don't think anyone really thinks about tragedy until they are actually faced with shocking news. It was a bright and warm summer morning when I woke from a good night sleep. Nothing prepared me for the dark, gloomy and sad day ahead of me. You see, this was the day that my cousin and childhood best friend passed away in an auto accident. Bright, intelligent, loving and caring 16 year old, these are words to describe her but let me to you how I seen her. From as early as I can remember her and I we... Personal Narrative: Goodbye My Best Friend Essay -- essays research pa Goodbye It is amazing how many things we take for granted. We make plans for the day, and don't think twice about how those plans can be taken away in the blink of an eye. I never thought much about it myself, until I was faced with the shock, and undeniable truth of my cousin's death. I don't think anyone really thinks about tragedy until they are actually faced with shocking news. It was a bright and warm summer morning when I woke from a good night sleep. Nothing prepared me for the dark, gloomy and sad day ahead of me. You see, this was the day that my cousin and childhood best friend passed away in an auto accident. Bright, intelligent, loving and caring 16 year old, these are words to describe her but let me to you how I seen her. From as early as I can remember her and I we...

Philippines Literature Essay

The diversity and richness of Philippine literature evolved side by side with the country’s history. Long before the Spaniards and other foreigners landed or set foot on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. Our ancestors also had their own alphabet which was different from that brought by the Spaniards. –> LITERATURE: the body of oral and written works, text, books, poetry, etc. these are the several things that concern this subject. we have been exposed to literature ever since we were young. reading, writing, that’s what we do. but is this really the essence of literature? the time i realized that i was going to take up â€Å"Philippine Literature† this semester, i was rather a bit curios about what would be in store for me, for the whole class. our Literature instructor Ms. Dinah Laguna-Mission is very enthusiastic in teaching us. never came a time that i felt sleepy or bored during our lit. subject. she has a lively voice and pronunciation, lively gestures and the witty use of words were the things i looked forward to every time she came. at first, i expect that the subject content and the teaching method was just a repetition of what has been taught to us during high school. but i was wrong, the different genre of literature, different devices and ever famous figures of speech were the ones being taught to us. after all the experiences and new knowledge imparted to me, i realized that Literature is not only about just reading the stories, poems, riddles, etc. but either its understanding them deeply. i thank Ms. Mission for imparting this knowledge imparted to me and the whole class for making this journey bearable and truly enjoyable one. it was beyond doubt an accomplishment for us and so, even if i finish the subject Philippines Literature, the things i learned, the memories and experience will truly mo no matter what. ^_^

“Because I Could Not Stop for Death”: An Analysis of Emily Dickinson’s Style

Emily Dickinson was an exceedingly eccentric poet of the Romanticism movement, whose enchantment with demolition and the after career is embodied in her verse form Beca enjoyment I Could Not stopover for cobblers last-place. The piece opens from the viewpoint of a cleaning womanly speaker, who is called upon by the someoneified character of decease to scud the travel to the afterlife. It is evident that the poets degenerate life and disillusionment with society spurred m whatsoever a(prenominal) deep and insightful works to the highest degree her perspective on her own populace. Dickinson in effect uses the tools of personification and im get onry to portray a souls odyssey finished demolition. using subtle symbolism and by personifying finish as a suitor in her verse Because I Could Not menstruation for Death, Dickinson paints an stunt woman of her sen measurent of the final disagreement based on her own individualized experiences. Emily Dickinson was born to a middle-class family on December 10, 1830 in Amherst, Massachusetts. Her father was a Yale-graduate, chief financial absenticer, lawyer, congressman, and an mind he was not very involved in Dickinsons life, albeit serving as her fervor (Spiller 810).On the other hand, she did not begin along with her acquire Emily Norcross was not an intellectual by nature- she barely understood oft beats of her daughters poetry the mother was lonely and nonliterary, (Forman n. p. ). Forman also states that Dickinson was frustrated that her raisingal horizons were limited as a woman, although she go to the esteemed Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (Emily n. p. ). Furthermore, her education was terminated due to her lifelong puff upness complications resulting from polio. Her family consistently failed to support her, and she matte shackle by the life she was living.Around the age of 28, Dickinson suffered from an emotional crisis which caused her to write prolifically she drew into hersel f and her overweight mind, preferring to express herself mainly through garner and meters (Blake n. p. ). Throughout the course of her life, Dickinson exhibited many weird tendencies. She always dressed in discolor and remained a recluse. She refused to leave her home for any reason (Forman n. p. ). This was the direct result of her experiencing the remainder of two childhood friends, as strong her chronic health issues Dickinson often felt disconnected to the realism around her. She was invigorate by a world manifesting itself as unpredict fit, violent, and terrifying. She had suspected that the world was defective for just about time (Blake 218). Her perspective on her life, as well as her disillusionment from her surroundings, became reflected in her poems. Her workshould be seen in name of traditions of withdrawal from the world and of her resistance to them(Wolosky n. p. ). roughly notably during this phase in her life, however, Dickinson demonstrable an occupation with the concept of death and the possibleness of an afterlife.Many of her poems concord come to support her personal contemplations about mortality and death, in particular Because I Could Not forgo for Death, (Explanation n. p. ). principally in this work, Dickinson effectively uses the character of Death to convey the message that death is not a cruel, cold process. Death is personified, or describe in terms of military man characteristics. Figuratively, this poem is about one womans date with death. Death is a gentleman, who makes a call at a home of a naive five-year-old woman. (Explanation n. p. ).By representing mortality as a kind, courteous suitor whom the fabricator seems to have been anticipating, the notion arises that Death is nothing nevertheless an old friend who was always expect to come. It becomes an inevitability it is not unpleasant in the least. Dickinson envisions Death as a person she knows and trusts The carriage holds just now the two of them, t o that degree the ride, as she states with quiet emphasis, is a last ride together. Clearly at that place has been no deception on his part. Indeed, his graciousness in taking time to stop for her at hat point and on that twenty-four hour period in her life when she was so bustling she could not possibly have interpreted time to stop for him, is a curb of special politeness. She is hence quite involuntary to put aside her work (Johnson 222). The fibber welcomes Death, and although he was an unexpected caller, knows that he was stand out to come. Thus, she had put away/ Her labor, and her leisure too,/ For his civility (Dickinson 1). Dickinson also efficaciously uses symbolism in this poem to bring out conglomerate feelings and emotions in the reader, strengthening the overall mood, and therefore the meaning of the poem.By her use of item syntax and diction, the poem is able to lawsuit the exact feelings evoked by death and immortality, as well as the feelings associated with the illegitimate exposure to Death himself. In the poem Because I Could Not Stop for Death, the bank clerks journey was described as a slow beautiful drive, across the fields of caryopsis and preceding(a) the lay sun (explanation, n. p. ). The fields of cereal represents society and how eyepatch breathing, the fields of grain escaped the notice of the narrator, but now, while traveling with Death, she finally can instruct the true beauty and power of nature.The set sun reflects the end of one journey and the beginning of another, just like how the setting sun ends the day and signals the push through of nighttime (explanation, n. p. ). Dickinson uses the transition of the setting sun to convey the narrators transition from life to death. Dickinson was able to portray, through her extensive use of paintingry, the ambiguity as to whether the narrator is alive or dead the fact is not directly stated in the poem. Rather, there is a slow transition of the narrators s tate of being.The narrator starts off leaving the comfort of her house, invited for what feels like a ride in the park. However, as the poem progresses, the narrator is seen growing cold, and her clothes melt down only tippet only tulle. The light miasmal articles of clothing and the coldness suggest that the narrator has indeed died, and faded into the afterlife. The whole concept of time is also manipulated to give the poem such a dream-like feel. During her journey with Death, time slows down to a point where it doesnt exist time is a homosexual creation, and death does not follow time (Priddy, n. p. As she passes the children frolicking in the playground, she vicariously lives through her childhood again another animation has passed, from the youthful days of childhood to the senescence of the grain to the setting of the sun (Johnson, n. p. ).The- whizz of time being inconsistent and ever-changing allows the journey with Death to gain a truly surreal and abstract feeling. From start to finish, Dickinson master all-encompassingy creates a striking image of the human process of death, putting to full use the tools of personification and imagery, as well as subtle symbolism in her poem Because I Could Not Stop for Death. Her own personal struggles with the concept of death give Dickinson the ability to capture the brain-teaser and possibilities of the final departure with words she was able to translate the true emotions associated with death into poetry. To Dickinson, the existence of an afterlife made death not only the end of one journey, but also the start of another death is not an evil, but rather a necessary process. The net effect of literary devices combined with Romanticist beliefs results in a work that provides monumental insight into the world Emily Dickinson built around herself, specifically pertaining to her image of Death.